Choose your language Appendix A. Contributed Scripts
These scripts, while not fitting into the text of this document, do illustrate some interesting shell programming techniques. Some are useful, too. Have fun analyzing and running them.
Example A-6. Collatz series
#!/bin/bash
# collatz.sh
# The notorious "hailstone" or Collatz series.
# -------------------------------------------
# 1) Get the integer "seed" from the command-line.
# 2) NUMBER <-- seed
# 3) Print NUMBER.
# 4) If NUMBER is even, divide by 2, or
# 5)+ if odd, multiply by 3 and add 1.
# 6) NUMBER <-- result
# 7) Loop back to step 3 (for specified number of iterations).
#
# The theory is that every such sequence,
#+ no matter how large the initial value,
#+ eventually settles down to repeating "4,2,1..." cycles,
#+ even after fluctuating through a wide range of values.
#
# This is an instance of an "iterate,"
#+ an operation that feeds its output back into its input.
# Sometimes the result is a "chaotic" series.
MAX_ITERATIONS=200
# For large seed numbers (>32000), try increasing MAX_ITERATIONS.
h=${1:-$$} # Seed.
# Use $PID as seed,
#+ if not specified as command-line arg.
echo
echo "C($h) -*- $MAX_ITERATIONS Iterations"
echo
for ((i=1; i<=MAX_ITERATIONS; i++))
do
# echo -n "$h "
# ^^^
# tab
# printf does it better ...
COLWIDTH=%7d
printf $COLWIDTH $h
let "remainder = h % 2"
if ["$remainder" -eq 0 ] # Even?
then
let "h /= 2" # Divide by 2.
else
let "h = h*3 + 1" # Multiply by 3 and add 1.
fi
COLUMNS=10 # Output 10 values per line.
let "line_break = i % $COLUMNS"
if ["$line_break" -eq 0 ]
then
echo
fi
done
echo
# For more information on this strange mathematical function,
#+ see _Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty_, by Pickover, p. 185 ff.,
#+ as listed in the bibliography.
exit 0Example A-8. Making a dictionary
#!/bin/bash
# makedict.sh [make dictionary]
# Modification of /usr/sbin/mkdict (/usr/sbin/cracklib-forman) script.
# Original script copyright 1993, by Alec Muffett.
#
# This modified script included in this document in a manner
#+ consistent with the "LICENSE" document of the "Crack" package
#+ that the original script is a part of.
# This script processes text files to produce a sorted list
#+ of words found in the files.
# This may be useful for compiling dictionaries
#+ and for other lexicographic purposes.
E_BADARGS=85
if [! -r "$1" ] # Need at least one
then #+ valid file argument.
echo "Usage: $0 files-to-process"
exit $E_BADARGS
fi
# SORT="sort" # No longer necessary to define
#+ options to sort. Changed from
#+ original script.
cat $* | # Dump specified files to stdout.
tr A-Z a-z | # Convert to lowercase.
tr ' ' '\012' | # New: change spaces to newlines.
# tr -cd '\012[a-z][0-9]' | # Get rid of everything
#+ non-alphanumeric (in orig. script).
tr -c '\012a-z' '\012' | # Rather than deleting non-alpha
#+ chars, change them to newlines.
sort | # $SORT options unnecessary now.
uniq | # Remove duplicates.
grep -v '^#' | # Delete lines starting with #.
grep -v '^$' # Delete blank lines.
exit $?Example A-9. Soundex conversion
#!/bin/bash
# soundex.sh: Calculate "soundex" code for names
# =======================================================
# Soundex script
# by
# Mendel Cooper
# thegrendel.abs@gmail.com
# reldate: 23 January, 2002
#
# Placed in the Public Domain.
#
# A slightly different version of this script appeared in
#+ Ed Schaefer's July, 2002 "Shell Corner" column
#+ in "Unix Review" on-line,
#+ http://www.unixreview.com/documents/uni1026336632258/
# =======================================================
ARGCOUNT=1 # Need name as argument.
E_WRONGARGS=90
if [$# -ne "$ARGCOUNT" ]
then
echo "Usage: `basename $0` name"
exit $E_WRONGARGS
fi
assign_value () # Assigns numerical value
{ #+ to letters of name.
val1=bfpv # 'b,f,p,v' = 1
val2=cgjkqsxz # 'c,g,j,k,q,s,x,z' = 2
val3=dt # etc.
val4=l
val5=mn
val6=r
# Exceptionally clever use of 'tr' follows.
# Try to figure out what is going on here.
value=$( echo "$1" \
| tr -d wh \
| tr $val1 1 | tr $val2 2 | tr $val3 3 \
| tr $val4 4 | tr $val5 5 | tr $val6 6 \
| tr -s 123456 \
| tr -d aeiouy )
# Assign letter values.
# Remove duplicate numbers, except when separated by vowels.
# Ignore vowels, except as separators, so delete them last.
# Ignore 'w' and 'h', even as separators, so delete them first.
#
# The above command substitution lays more pipe than a plumber <g>.
}
input_name="$1"
echo
echo "Name = $input_name"
# Change all characters of name input to lowercase.
# ------------------------------------------------
name=$( echo $input_name | tr A-Z a-z )
# ------------------------------------------------
# Just in case argument to script is mixed case.
# Prefix of soundex code: first letter of name.
# --------------------------------------------
char_pos=0 # Initialize character position.
prefix0=${name:$char_pos:1}
prefix=`echo $prefix0 | tr a-z A-Z`
# Uppercase 1st letter of soundex.
let "char_pos += 1" # Bump character position to 2nd letter of name.
name1=${name:$char_pos}
# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Exception Patch ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
# Now, we run both the input name and the name shifted one char
#+ to the right through the value-assigning function.
# If we get the same value out, that means that the first two characters
#+ of the name have the same value assigned, and that one should cancel.
# However, we also need to test whether the first letter of the name
#+ is a vowel or 'w' or 'h', because otherwise this would bollix things up.
char1=`echo $prefix | tr A-Z a-z` # First letter of name, lowercased.
assign_value $name
s1=$value
assign_value $name1
s2=$value
assign_value $char1
s3=$value
s3=9$s3 # If first letter of name is a vowel
#+ or 'w' or 'h',
#+ then its "value" will be null (unset).
#+ Therefore, set it to 9, an otherwise
#+ unused value, which can be tested for.
if [["$s1" -ne "$s2" || "$s3" -eq 9 ]]
then
suffix=$s2
else
suffix=${s2:$char_pos}
fi
# ++++++++++++++++++++++ end Exception Patch ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
padding=000 # Use at most 3 zeroes to pad.
soun=$prefix$suffix$padding # Pad with zeroes.
MAXLEN=4 # Truncate to maximum of 4 chars.
soundex=${soun:0:$MAXLEN}
echo "Soundex = $soundex"
echo
# The soundex code is a method of indexing and classifying names
#+ by grouping together the ones that sound alike.
# The soundex code for a given name is the first letter of the name,
#+ followed by a calculated three-number code.
# Similar sounding names should have almost the same soundex codes.
# Examples:
# Smith and Smythe both have a "S-530" soundex.
# Harrison = H-625
# Hargison = H-622
# Harriman = H-655
# This works out fairly well in practice, but there are numerous anomalies.
#
#
# The U.S. Census and certain other governmental agencies use soundex,
# as do genealogical researchers.
#
# For more information,
#+ see the "National Archives and Records Administration home page",
#+ http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/soundex/soundex.html
# Exercise:
# --------
# Simplify the "Exception Patch" section of this script.
exit 0Example A-10. Game of Life
#!/bin/bash
# life.sh: "Life in the Slow Lane"
# Author: Mendel Cooper
# License: GPL3
# Version 0.2: Patched by Daniel Albers
#+ to allow non-square grids as input.
# Version 0.2.1: Added 2-second delay between generations.
# ##################################################################### #
# This is the Bash script version of John Conway's "Game of Life". #
# "Life" is a simple implementation of cellular automata. #
# --------------------------------------------------------------------- #
# On a rectangular grid, let each "cell" be either "living" or "dead." #
# Designate a living cell with a dot, and a dead one with a blank space.#
# Begin with an arbitrarily drawn dot-and-blank grid, #
#+ and let this be the starting generation: generation 0. #
# Determine each successive generation by the following rules: #
# 1) Each cell has 8 neighbors, the adjoining cells #
#+ left, right, top, bottom, and the 4 diagonals. #
# #
# 123 #
# 4*5 The * is the cell under consideration. #
# 678 #
# #
# 2) A living cell with either 2 or 3 living neighbors remains alive. #
SURVIVE=2 #
# 3) A dead cell with 3 living neighbors comes alive, a "birth." #
BIRTH=3 #
# 4) All other cases result in a dead cell for the next generation. #
# ##################################################################### #
startfile=gen0 # Read the starting generation from the file "gen0" ...
# Default, if no other file specified when invoking script.
#
if [-n "$1" ] # Specify another "generation 0" file.
then
startfile="$1"
fi
############################################
# Abort script if "startfile" not specified
#+ and
#+ default file "gen0" not present.
E_NOSTARTFILE=86
if [! -e "$startfile" ]
then
echo "Startfile \""$startfile"\" missing!"
exit $E_NOSTARTFILE
fi
############################################
ALIVE1=.
DEAD1=_
# Represent living and dead cells in the start-up file.
# -----------------------------------------------------#
# This script uses a 10 x 10 grid (may be increased,
#+ but a large grid will slow down execution).
ROWS=10
COLS=10
# Change above two variables to match desired grid size.
# -----------------------------------------------------#
GENERATIONS=10 # How many generations to cycle through.
# Adjust this upwards
#+ if you have time on your hands.
NONE_ALIVE=85 # Exit status on premature bailout,
#+ if no cells left alive.
DELAY=2 # Pause between generations.
TRUE=0
FALSE=1
ALIVE=0
DEAD=1
avar= # Global; holds current generation.
generation=0 # Initialize generation count.
# =================================================================
let "cells = $ROWS * $COLS" # How many cells.
# Arrays containing "cells."
declare -a initial
declare -a current
display ()
{
alive=0 # How many cells alive at any given time.
# Initially zero.
declare -a arr
arr=( `echo "$1"` ) # Convert passed arg to array.
element_count=${#arr[*]}
local i
local rowcheck
for ((i=0; i<$element_count; i++))
do
# Insert newline at end of each row.
let "rowcheck = $i % COLS"
if ["$rowcheck" -eq 0 ]
then
echo # Newline.
echo -n " " # Indent.
fi
cell=${arr[i]}
if ["$cell" = . ]
then
let "alive += 1"
fi
echo -n "$cell" | sed -e 's/_/ /g'
# Print out array, changing underscores to spaces.
done
return
}
IsValid () # Test if cell coordinate valid.
{
if [-z "$1" -o -z "$2" ] # Mandatory arguments missing?
then
return $FALSE
fi
local row
local lower_limit=0 # Disallow negative coordinate.
local upper_limit
local left
local right
let "upper_limit = $ROWS * $COLS - 1" # Total number of cells.
if ["$1" -lt "$lower_limit" -o "$1" -gt "$upper_limit" ]
then
return $FALSE # Out of array bounds.
fi
row=$2
let "left = $row * $COLS" # Left limit.
let "right = $left + $COLS - 1" # Right limit.
if ["$1" -lt "$left" -o "$1" -gt "$right" ]
then
return $FALSE # Beyond row boundary.
fi
return $TRUE # Valid coordinate.
}
IsAlive () # Test whether cell is alive.
# Takes array, cell number, and
{ #+ state of cell as arguments.
GetCount "$1" $2 # Get alive cell count in neighborhood.
local nhbd=$?
if ["$nhbd" -eq "$BIRTH" ] # Alive in any case.
then
return $ALIVE
fi
if ["$3" = "." -a "$nhbd" -eq "$SURVIVE" ]
then # Alive only if previously alive.
return $ALIVE
fi
return $DEAD # Defaults to dead.
}
GetCount () # Count live cells in passed cell's neighborhood.
# Two arguments needed:
# $1) variable holding array
# $2) cell number
{
local cell_number=$2
local array
local top
local center
local bottom
local r
local row
local i
local t_top
local t_cen
local t_bot
local count=0
local ROW_NHBD=3
array=( `echo "$1"` )
let "top = $cell_number - $COLS - 1" # Set up cell neighborhood.
let "center = $cell_number - 1"
let "bottom = $cell_number + $COLS - 1"
let "r = $cell_number / $COLS"
for ((i=0; i<$ROW_NHBD; i++)) # Traverse from left to right.
do
let "t_top = $top + $i"
let "t_cen = $center + $i"
let "t_bot = $bottom + $i"
let "row = $r" # Count center row.
IsValid $t_cen $row # Valid cell position?
if [$? -eq "$TRUE" ]
then
if [${array[$t_cen]} = "$ALIVE1" ] # Is it alive?
then # If yes, then ...
let "count += 1" # Increment count.
fi
fi
let "row = $r - 1" # Count top row.
IsValid $t_top $row
if [$? -eq "$TRUE" ]
then
if [${array[$t_top]} = "$ALIVE1" ] # Redundancy here.
then # Can it be optimized?
let "count += 1"
fi
fi
let "row = $r + 1" # Count bottom row.
IsValid $t_bot $row
if [$? -eq "$TRUE" ]
then
if [${array[$t_bot]} = "$ALIVE1" ]
then
let "count += 1"
fi
fi
done
if [${array[$cell_number]} = "$ALIVE1" ]
then
let "count -= 1" # Make sure value of tested cell itself
fi #+ is not counted.
return $count
}
next_gen () # Update generation array.
{
local array
local i=0
array=( `echo "$1"` ) # Convert passed arg to array.
while ["$i" -lt "$cells" ]
do
IsAlive "$1" $i ${array[$i]} # Is the cell alive?
if [$? -eq "$ALIVE" ]
then # If alive, then
array[$i]=. #+ represent the cell as a period.
else
array[$i]="_" # Otherwise underscore
fi #+ (will later be converted to space).
let "i += 1"
done
# let "generation += 1" # Increment generation count.
### Why was the above line commented out?
# Set variable to pass as parameter to "display" function.
avar=`echo ${array[@]}` # Convert array back to string variable.
display "$avar" # Display it.
echo; echo
echo "Generation $generation - $alive alive"
if ["$alive" -eq 0 ]
then
echo
echo "Premature exit: no more cells alive!"
exit $NONE_ALIVE # No point in continuing
fi #+ if no live cells.
}
# =========================================================
# main ()
# {
# Load initial array with contents of startup file.
initial=( `cat "$startfile" | sed -e '/#/d' | tr -d '\n' |\
# Delete lines containing '#' comment character.
sed -e 's/\./\. /g' -e 's/_/_ /g'` )
# Remove linefeeds and insert space between elements.
clear # Clear screen.
echo # Title
setterm -reverse on
echo "======================="
setterm -reverse off
echo " $GENERATIONS generations"
echo " of"
echo "\"Life in the Slow Lane\""
setterm -reverse on
echo "======================="
setterm -reverse off
sleep $DELAY # Display "splash screen" for 2 seconds.
# -------- Display first generation. --------
Gen0=`echo ${initial[@]}`
display "$Gen0" # Display only.
echo; echo
echo "Generation $generation - $alive alive"
sleep $DELAY
# -------------------------------------------
let "generation += 1" # Bump generation count.
echo
# ------- Display second generation. -------
Cur=`echo ${initial[@]}`
next_gen "$Cur" # Update & display.
sleep $DELAY
# ------------------------------------------
let "generation += 1" # Increment generation count.
# ------ Main loop for displaying subsequent generations ------
while ["$generation" -le "$GENERATIONS" ]
do
Cur="$avar"
next_gen "$Cur"
let "generation += 1"
sleep $DELAY
done
# ==============================================================
echo
# }
exit 0 # CEOF:EOF
# The grid in this script has a "boundary problem."
# The the top, bottom, and sides border on a void of dead cells.
# Exercise: Change the script to have the grid wrap around,
# + so that the left and right sides will "touch,"
# + as will the top and bottom.
#
# Exercise: Create a new "gen0" file to seed this script.
# Use a 12 x 16 grid, instead of the original 10 x 10 one.
# Make the necessary changes to the script,
#+ so it will run with the altered file.
#
# Exercise: Modify this script so that it can determine the grid size
#+ from the "gen0" file, and set any variables necessary
#+ for the script to run.
# This would make unnecessary any changes to variables
#+ in the script for an altered grid size.
#
# Exercise: Optimize this script.
# It has redundant code.Example A-19. Directory information
#! /bin/bash
# directory-info.sh
# Parses and lists directory information.
# NOTE: Change lines 273 and 353 per "README" file.
# Michael Zick is the author of this script.
# Used here with his permission.
# Controls
# If overridden by command arguments, they must be in the order:
# Arg1: "Descriptor Directory"
# Arg2: "Exclude Paths"
# Arg3: "Exclude Directories"
#
# Environment Settings override Defaults.
# Command arguments override Environment Settings.
# Default location for content addressed file descriptors.
MD5UCFS=${1:-${MD5UCFS:-'/tmpfs/ucfs'}}
# Directory paths never to list or enter
declare -a \
EXCLUDE_PATHS=${2:-${EXCLUDE_PATHS:-'(/proc /dev /devfs /tmpfs)'}}
# Directories never to list or enter
declare -a \
EXCLUDE_DIRS=${3:-${EXCLUDE_DIRS:-'(ucfs lost+found tmp wtmp)'}}
# Files never to list or enter
declare -a \
EXCLUDE_FILES=${3:-${EXCLUDE_FILES:-'(core "Name with Spaces")'}}
# Here document used as a comment block.
: <<LSfieldsDoc
# # # # # List Filesystem Directory Information # # # # #
#
# ListDirectory "FileGlob" "Field-Array-Name"
# or
# ListDirectory -of "FileGlob" "Field-Array-Filename"
# '-of' meaning 'output to filename'
# # # # #
String format description based on: ls (GNU fileutils) version 4.0.36
Produces a line (or more) formatted:
inode permissions hard-links owner group ...
32736 -rw------- 1 mszick mszick
size day month date hh:mm:ss year path
2756608 Sun Apr 20 08:53:06 2003 /home/mszick/core
Unless it is formatted:
inode permissions hard-links owner group ...
266705 crw-rw---- 1 root uucp
major minor day month date hh:mm:ss year path
4, 68 Sun Apr 20 09:27:33 2003 /dev/ttyS4
NOTE: that pesky comma after the major number
NOTE: the 'path' may be multiple fields:
/home/mszick/core
/proc/982/fd/0 -> /dev/null
/proc/982/fd/1 -> /home/mszick/.xsession-errors
/proc/982/fd/13 -> /tmp/tmpfZVVOCs (deleted)
/proc/982/fd/7 -> /tmp/kde-mszick/ksycoca
/proc/982/fd/8 -> socket:[11586]
/proc/982/fd/9 -> pipe:[11588]
If that isn't enough to keep your parser guessing,
either or both of the path components may be relative:
../Built-Shared -> Built-Static
../linux-2.4.20.tar.bz2 -> ../../../SRCS/linux-2.4.20.tar.bz2
The first character of the 11 (10?) character permissions field:
's' Socket
'd' Directory
'b' Block device
'c' Character device
'l' Symbolic link
NOTE: Hard links not marked - test for identical inode numbers
on identical filesystems.
All information about hard linked files are shared, except
for the names and the name's location in the directory system.
NOTE: A "Hard link" is known as a "File Alias" on some systems.
'-' An undistingushed file
Followed by three groups of letters for: User, Group, Others
Character 1: '-' Not readable; 'r' Readable
Character 2: '-' Not writable; 'w' Writable
Character 3, User and Group: Combined execute and special
'-' Not Executable, Not Special
'x' Executable, Not Special
's' Executable, Special
'S' Not Executable, Special
Character 3, Others: Combined execute and sticky (tacky?)
'-' Not Executable, Not Tacky
'x' Executable, Not Tacky
't' Executable, Tacky
'T' Not Executable, Tacky
Followed by an access indicator
Haven't tested this one, it may be the eleventh character
or it may generate another field
' ' No alternate access
'+' Alternate access
LSfieldsDoc
ListDirectory()
{
local -a T
local -i of=0 # Default return in variable
# OLD_IFS=$IFS # Using BASH default ' \t\n'
case "$#" in
3) case "$1" in
-of) of=1 ; shift ;;
* ) return 1 ;;
esac ;;
2) : ;; # Poor man's "continue"
*) return 1 ;;
esac
# NOTE: the (ls) command is NOT quoted (")
T=( $(ls --inode --ignore-backups --almost-all --directory \
--full-time --color=none --time=status --sort=none \
--format=long $1) )
case $of in
# Assign T back to the array whose name was passed as $2
0) eval $2=\( \"\$\{T\[@\]\}\" \) ;;
# Write T into filename passed as $2
1) echo "${T[@]}" > "$2" ;;
esac
return 0
}
# # # # # Is that string a legal number? # # # # #
#
# IsNumber "Var"
# # # # # There has to be a better way, sigh...
IsNumber()
{
local -i int
if [$# -eq 0 ]
then
return 1
else
(let int=$1) 2>/dev/null
return $? # Exit status of the let thread
fi
}
# # # # # Index Filesystem Directory Information # # # # #
#
# IndexList "Field-Array-Name" "Index-Array-Name"
# or
# IndexList -if Field-Array-Filename Index-Array-Name
# IndexList -of Field-Array-Name Index-Array-Filename
# IndexList -if -of Field-Array-Filename Index-Array-Filename
# # # # #
: <<IndexListDoc
Walk an array of directory fields produced by ListDirectory
Having suppressed the line breaks in an otherwise line oriented
report, build an index to the array element which starts each line.
Each line gets two index entries, the first element of each line
(inode) and the element that holds the pathname of the file.
The first index entry pair (Line-Number==0) are informational:
Index-Array-Name[0] : Number of "Lines" indexed
Index-Array-Name[1] : "Current Line" pointer into Index-Array-Name
The following index pairs (if any) hold element indexes into
the Field-Array-Name per:
Index-Array-Name[Line-Number * 2] : The "inode" field element.
NOTE: This distance may be either +11 or +12 elements.
Index-Array-Name[(Line-Number * 2) + 1] : The "pathname" element.
NOTE: This distance may be a variable number of elements.
Next line index pair for Line-Number+1.
IndexListDoc
IndexList()
{
local -a LIST # Local of listname passed
local -a -i INDEX=( 0 0 ) # Local of index to return
local -i Lidx Lcnt
local -i if=0 of=0 # Default to variable names
case "$#" in # Simplistic option testing
0) return 1 ;;
1) return 1 ;;
2) : ;; # Poor man's continue
3) case "$1" in
-if) if=1 ;;
-of) of=1 ;;
* ) return 1 ;;
esac ; shift ;;
4) if=1 ; of=1 ; shift ; shift ;;
*) return 1
esac
# Make local copy of list
case "$if" in
0) eval LIST=\( \"\$\{$1\[@\]\}\" \) ;;
1) LIST=( $(cat $1) ) ;;
esac
# Grok (grope?) the array
Lcnt=${#LIST[@]}
Lidx=0
until (( Lidx >= Lcnt ))
do
if IsNumber ${LIST[$Lidx]}
then
local -i inode name
local ft
inode=Lidx
local m=${LIST[$Lidx+2]} # Hard Links field
ft=${LIST[$Lidx+1]:0:1} # Fast-Stat
case $ft in
b) ((Lidx+=12)) ;; # Block device
c) ((Lidx+=12)) ;; # Character device
*) ((Lidx+=11)) ;; # Anything else
esac
name=Lidx
case $ft in
-) ((Lidx+=1)) ;; # The easy one
b) ((Lidx+=1)) ;; # Block device
c) ((Lidx+=1)) ;; # Character device
d) ((Lidx+=1)) ;; # The other easy one
l) ((Lidx+=3)) ;; # At LEAST two more fields
# A little more elegance here would handle pipes,
#+ sockets, deleted files - later.
*) until IsNumber ${LIST[$Lidx]} || ((Lidx >= Lcnt))
do
((Lidx+=1))
done
;; # Not required
esac
INDEX[${#INDEX[*]}]=$inode
INDEX[${#INDEX[*]}]=$name
INDEX[0]=${INDEX[0]}+1 # One more "line" found
# echo "Line: ${INDEX[0]} Type: $ft Links: $m Inode: \
# ${LIST[$inode]} Name: ${LIST[$name]}"
else
((Lidx+=1))
fi
done
case "$of" in
0) eval $2=\( \"\$\{INDEX\[@\]\}\" \) ;;
1) echo "${INDEX[@]}" > "$2" ;;
esac
return 0 # What could go wrong?
}
# # # # # Content Identify File # # # # #
#
# DigestFile Input-Array-Name Digest-Array-Name
# or
# DigestFile -if Input-FileName Digest-Array-Name
# # # # #
# Here document used as a comment block.
: <<DigestFilesDoc
The key (no pun intended) to a Unified Content File System (UCFS)
is to distinguish the files in the system based on their content.
Distinguishing files by their name is just so 20th Century.
The content is distinguished by computing a checksum of that content.
This version uses the md5sum program to generate a 128 bit checksum
representative of the file's contents.
There is a chance that two files having different content might
generate the same checksum using md5sum (or any checksum). Should
that become a problem, then the use of md5sum can be replace by a
cyrptographic signature. But until then...
The md5sum program is documented as outputting three fields (and it
does), but when read it appears as two fields (array elements). This
is caused by the lack of whitespace between the second and third field.
So this function gropes the md5sum output and returns:
[0] 32 character checksum in hexidecimal (UCFS filename)
[1] Single character: ' ' text file, '*' binary file
[2] Filesystem (20th Century Style) name
Note: That name may be the character '-' indicating STDIN read.
DigestFilesDoc
DigestFile()
{
local if=0 # Default, variable name
local -a T1 T2
case "$#" in
3) case "$1" in
-if) if=1 ; shift ;;
* ) return 1 ;;
esac ;;
2) : ;; # Poor man's "continue"
*) return 1 ;;
esac
case $if in
0) eval T1=\( \"\$\{$1\[@\]\}\" \)
T2=( $(echo ${T1[@]} | md5sum -) )
;;
1) T2=( $(md5sum $1) )
;;
esac
case ${#T2[@]} in
0) return 1 ;;
1) return 1 ;;
2) case ${T2[1]:0:1} in # SanScrit-2.0.5
\*) T2[${#T2[@]}]=${T2[1]:1}
T2[1]=\*
;;
*) T2[${#T2[@]}]=${T2[1]}
T2[1]=" "
;;
esac
;;
3) : ;; # Assume it worked
*) return 1 ;;
esac
local -i len=${#T2[0]}
if [$len -ne 32 ] ; then return 1 ; fi
eval $2=\( \"\$\{T2\[@\]\}\" \)
}
# # # # # Locate File # # # # #
#
# LocateFile [-l] FileName Location-Array-Name
# or
# LocateFile [-l] -of FileName Location-Array-FileName
# # # # #
# A file location is Filesystem-id and inode-number
# Here document used as a comment block.
: <<StatFieldsDoc
Based on stat, version 2.2
stat -t and stat -lt fields
[0] name
[1] Total size
File - number of bytes
Symbolic link - string length of pathname
[2] Number of (512 byte) blocks allocated
[3] File type and Access rights (hex)
[4] User ID of owner
[5] Group ID of owner
[6] Device number
[7] Inode number
[8] Number of hard links
[9] Device type (if inode device) Major
[10] Device type (if inode device) Minor
[11] Time of last access
May be disabled in 'mount' with noatime
atime of files changed by exec, read, pipe, utime, mknod (mmap?)
atime of directories changed by addition/deletion of files
[12] Time of last modification
mtime of files changed by write, truncate, utime, mknod
mtime of directories changed by addtition/deletion of files
[13] Time of last change
ctime reflects time of changed inode information (owner, group
permissions, link count
-*-*- Per:
Return code: 0
Size of array: 14
Contents of array
Element 0: /home/mszick
Element 1: 4096
Element 2: 8
Element 3: 41e8
Element 4: 500
Element 5: 500
Element 6: 303
Element 7: 32385
Element 8: 22
Element 9: 0
Element 10: 0
Element 11: 1051221030
Element 12: 1051214068
Element 13: 1051214068
For a link in the form of linkname -> realname
stat -t linkname returns the linkname (link) information
stat -lt linkname returns the realname information
stat -tf and stat -ltf fields
[0] name
[1] ID-0? # Maybe someday, but Linux stat structure
[2] ID-0? # does not have either LABEL nor UUID
# fields, currently information must come
# from file-system specific utilities
These will be munged into:
[1] UUID if possible
[2] Volume Label if possible
Note: 'mount -l' does return the label and could return the UUID
[3] Maximum length of filenames
[4] Filesystem type
[5] Total blocks in the filesystem
[6] Free blocks
[7] Free blocks for non-root user(s)
[8] Block size of the filesystem
[9] Total inodes
[10] Free inodes
-*-*- Per:
Return code: 0
Size of array: 11
Contents of array
Element 0: /home/mszick
Element 1: 0
Element 2: 0
Element 3: 255
Element 4: ef53
Element 5: 2581445
Element 6: 2277180
Element 7: 2146050
Element 8: 4096
Element 9: 1311552
Element 10: 1276425
StatFieldsDoc
# LocateFile [-l] FileName Location-Array-Name
# LocateFile [-l] -of FileName Location-Array-FileName
LocateFile()
{
local -a LOC LOC1 LOC2
local lk="" of=0
case "$#" in
0) return 1 ;;
1) return 1 ;;
2) : ;;
*) while (( "$#" > 2 ))
do
case "$1" in
-l) lk=-1 ;;
-of) of=1 ;;
*) return 1 ;;
esac
shift
done ;;
esac
# More Sanscrit-2.0.5
# LOC1=( $(stat -t $lk $1) )
# LOC2=( $(stat -tf $lk $1) )
# Uncomment above two lines if system has "stat" command installed.
LOC=( ${LOC1[@]:0:1} ${LOC1[@]:3:11}
${LOC2[@]:1:2} ${LOC2[@]:4:1} )
case "$of" in
0) eval $2=\( \"\$\{LOC\[@\]\}\" \) ;;
1) echo "${LOC[@]}" > "$2" ;;
esac
return 0
# Which yields (if you are lucky, and have "stat" installed)
# -*-*- Location Discriptor -*-*-
# Return code: 0
# Size of array: 15
# Contents of array
# Element 0: /home/mszick 20th Century name
# Element 1: 41e8 Type and Permissions
# Element 2: 500 User
# Element 3: 500 Group
# Element 4: 303 Device
# Element 5: 32385 inode
# Element 6: 22 Link count
# Element 7: 0 Device Major
# Element 8: 0 Device Minor
# Element 9: 1051224608 Last Access
# Element 10: 1051214068 Last Modify
# Element 11: 1051214068 Last Status
# Element 12: 0 UUID (to be)
# Element 13: 0 Volume Label (to be)
# Element 14: ef53 Filesystem type
}
# And then there was some test code
ListArray() # ListArray Name
{
local -a Ta
eval Ta=\( \"\$\{$1\[@\]\}\" \)
echo
echo "-*-*- List of Array -*-*-"
echo "Size of array $1: ${#Ta[*]}"
echo "Contents of array $1:"
for (( i=0 ; i<${#Ta[*]} ; i++ ))
do
echo -e "\tElement $i: ${Ta[$i]}"
done
return 0
}
declare -a CUR_DIR
# For small arrays
ListDirectory "${PWD}" CUR_DIR
ListArray CUR_DIR
declare -a DIR_DIG
DigestFile CUR_DIR DIR_DIG
echo "The new \"name\" (checksum) for ${CUR_DIR[9]} is ${DIR_DIG[0]}"
declare -a DIR_ENT
# BIG_DIR # For really big arrays - use a temporary file in ramdisk
# BIG-DIR # ListDirectory -of "${CUR_DIR[11]}/*" "/tmpfs/junk2"
ListDirectory "${CUR_DIR[11]}/*" DIR_ENT
declare -a DIR_IDX
# BIG-DIR # IndexList -if "/tmpfs/junk2" DIR_IDX
IndexList DIR_ENT DIR_IDX
declare -a IDX_DIG
# BIG-DIR # DIR_ENT=( $(cat /tmpfs/junk2) )
# BIG-DIR # DigestFile -if /tmpfs/junk2 IDX_DIG
DigestFile DIR_ENT IDX_DIG
# Small (should) be able to parallize IndexList & DigestFile
# Large (should) be able to parallize IndexList & DigestFile & the assignment
echo "The \"name\" (checksum) for the contents of ${PWD} is ${IDX_DIG[0]}"
declare -a FILE_LOC
LocateFile ${PWD} FILE_LOC
ListArray FILE_LOC
exit 0Stéphane Chazelas demonstrates object-oriented programming in a Bash script.
Mariusz Gniazdowski contributed a hash library for use in scripts.
Example A-20. Library of hash functions
# Hash:
# Hash function library
# Author: Mariusz Gniazdowski <mariusz.gn-at-gmail.com>
# Date: 2005-04-07
# Functions making emulating hashes in Bash a little less painful.
# Limitations:
# * Only global variables are supported.
# * Each hash instance generates one global variable per value.
# * Variable names collisions are possible
#+ if you define variable like __hash__hashname_key
# * Keys must use chars that can be part of a Bash variable name
#+ (no dashes, periods, etc.).
# * The hash is created as a variable:
# ... hashname_keyname
# So if somone will create hashes like:
# myhash_ + mykey = myhash__mykey
# myhash + _mykey = myhash__mykey
# Then there will be a collision.
# (This should not pose a major problem.)
Hash_config_varname_prefix=__hash__
# Emulates: hash[key]=value
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# 3 - value
function hash_set {
eval "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}=\"${3}\""
}
# Emulates: value=hash[key]
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# 3 - value (name of global variable to set)
function hash_get_into {
eval "$3=\"\$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}\""
}
# Emulates: echo hash[key]
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# 3 - echo params (like -n, for example)
function hash_echo {
eval "echo $3 \"\$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}\""
}
# Emulates: hash1[key1]=hash2[key2]
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash1
# 2 - key1
# 3 - hash2
# 4 - key2
function hash_copy {
eval "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}\
=\"\$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${3}_${4}\""
}
# Emulates: hash[keyN-1]=hash[key2]=...hash[key1]
#
# Copies first key to rest of keys.
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash1
# 2 - key1
# 3 - key2
# . . .
# N - keyN
function hash_dup {
local hashName="$1" keyName="$2"
shift 2
until [${#} -le 0 ]; do
eval "${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${hashName}_${1}\
=\"\$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${hashName}_${keyName}\""
shift;
done;
}
# Emulates: unset hash[key]
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
function hash_unset {
eval "unset ${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}"
}
# Emulates something similar to: ref=&hash[key]
#
# The reference is name of the variable in which value is held.
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# 3 - ref - Name of global variable to set.
function hash_get_ref_into {
eval "$3=\"${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}\""
}
# Emulates something similar to: echo &hash[key]
#
# That reference is name of variable in which value is held.
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# 3 - echo params (like -n for example)
function hash_echo_ref {
eval "echo $3 \"${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}\""
}
# Emulates something similar to: $$hash[key](param1, param2, ...)
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# 3,4, ... - Function parameters
function hash_call {
local hash key
hash=$1
key=$2
shift 2
eval "eval \"\$${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${hash}_${key} \\\"\\\$@\\\"\""
}
# Emulates something similar to: isset(hash[key]) or hash[key]==NULL
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - key
# Returns:
# 0 - there is such key
# 1 - there is no such key
function hash_is_set {
eval "if [[\"\${${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}-a}\" = \"a\" &&
\"\${${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_${2}-b}\" = \"b\" ]]
then return 1; else return 0; fi"
}
# Emulates something similar to:
# foreach($hash as $key => $value) { fun($key,$value); }
#
# It is possible to write different variations of this function.
# Here we use a function call to make it as "generic" as possible.
#
# Params:
# 1 - hash
# 2 - function name
function hash_foreach {
local keyname oldIFS="$IFS"
IFS=' '
for i in $(eval "echo \${!${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_*}"); do
keyname=$(eval "echo \${i##${Hash_config_varname_prefix}${1}_}")
eval "$2 $keyname \"\$$i\""
done
IFS="$oldIFS"
}
# NOTE: In lines 103 and 116, ampersand changed.
# But, it doesn't matter, because these are comment lines anyhow.Here is an example script using the foregoing hash library.
Example A-21. Colorizing text using hash functions
#!/bin/bash
# hash-example.sh: Colorizing text.
# Author: Mariusz Gniazdowski <mariusz.gn-at-gmail.com>
. Hash.lib # Load the library of functions.
hash_set colors red "\033[0;31m"
hash_set colors blue "\033[0;34m"
hash_set colors light_blue "\033[1;34m"
hash_set colors light_red "\033[1;31m"
hash_set colors cyan "\033[0;36m"
hash_set colors light_green "\033[1;32m"
hash_set colors light_gray "\033[0;37m"
hash_set colors green "\033[0;32m"
hash_set colors yellow "\033[1;33m"
hash_set colors light_purple "\033[1;35m"
hash_set colors purple "\033[0;35m"
hash_set colors reset_color "\033[0;00m"
# $1 - keyname
# $2 - value
try_colors() {
echo -en "$2"
echo "This line is $1."
}
hash_foreach colors try_colors
hash_echo colors reset_color -en
echo -e '\nLet us overwrite some colors with yellow.\n'
# It's hard to read yellow text on some terminals.
hash_dup colors yellow red light_green blue green light_gray cyan
hash_foreach colors try_colors
hash_echo colors reset_color -en
echo -e '\nLet us delete them and try colors once more . . .\n'
for i in red light_green blue green light_gray cyan; do
hash_unset colors $i
done
hash_foreach colors try_colors
hash_echo colors reset_color -en
hash_set other txt "Other examples . . ."
hash_echo other txt
hash_get_into other txt text
echo $text
hash_set other my_fun try_colors
hash_call other my_fun purple "`hash_echo colors purple`"
hash_echo colors reset_color -en
echo; echo "Back to normal?"; echo
exit $?
# On some terminals, the "light" colors print in bold,
# and end up looking darker than the normal ones.
# Why is this?
An example illustrating the mechanics of hashing, but from a different point of view.
Example A-22. More on hash functions
#!/bin/bash
# $Id: ha.sh,v 1.2 2005/04/21 23:24:26 oliver Exp $
# Copyright 2005 Oliver Beckstein
# Released under the GNU Public License
# Author of script granted permission for inclusion in ABS Guide.
# (Thank you!)
#----------------------------------------------------------------
# pseudo hash based on indirect parameter expansion
# API: access through functions:
#
# create the hash:
#
# newhash Lovers
#
# add entries (note single quotes for spaces)
#
# addhash Lovers Tristan Isolde
# addhash Lovers 'Romeo Montague' 'Juliet Capulet'
#
# access value by key
#
# gethash Lovers Tristan ----> Isolde
#
# show all keys
#
# keyshash Lovers ----> 'Tristan' 'Romeo Montague'
#
#
# Convention: instead of perls' foo{bar} = boing' syntax,
# use
# '_foo_bar=boing' (two underscores, no spaces)
#
# 1) store key in _NAME_keys[]
# 2) store value in _NAME_values[] using the same integer index
# The integer index for the last entry is _NAME_ptr
#
# NOTE: No error or sanity checks, just bare bones.
function _inihash () {
# private function
# call at the beginning of each procedure
# defines: _keys _values _ptr
#
# Usage: _inihash NAME
local name=$1
_keys=_${name}_keys
_values=_${name}_values
_ptr=_${name}_ptr
}
function newhash () {
# Usage: newhash NAME
# NAME should not contain spaces or dots.
# Actually: it must be a legal name for a Bash variable.
# We rely on Bash automatically recognising arrays.
local name=$1
local _keys _values _ptr
_inihash ${name}
eval ${_ptr}=0
}
function addhash () {
# Usage: addhash NAME KEY 'VALUE with spaces'
# arguments with spaces need to be quoted with single quotes ''
local name=$1 k="$2" v="$3"
local _keys _values _ptr
_inihash ${name}
#echo "DEBUG(addhash): ${_ptr}=${!_ptr}"
eval let ${_ptr}=${_ptr}+1
eval "$_keys[${!_ptr}]=\"${k}\""
eval "$_values[${!_ptr}]=\"${v}\""
}
function gethash () {
# Usage: gethash NAME KEY
# Returns boing
# ERR=0 if entry found, 1 otherwise
# That's not a proper hash --
#+ we simply linearly search through the keys.
local name=$1 key="$2"
local _keys _values _ptr
local k v i found h
_inihash ${name}
# _ptr holds the highest index in the hash
found=0
for i in $(seq 1 ${!_ptr}); do
h="\${${_keys}[${i}]}" # Safer to do it in two steps,
eval k=${h} #+ especially when quoting for spaces.
if ["${k}" = "${key}" ]; then found=1; break; fi
done;
[${found} = 0 ] && return 1;
# else: i is the index that matches the key
h="\${${_values}[${i}]}"
eval echo "${h}"
return 0;
}
function keyshash () {
# Usage: keyshash NAME
# Returns list of all keys defined for hash name.
local name=$1 key="$2"
local _keys _values _ptr
local k i h
_inihash ${name}
# _ptr holds the highest index in the hash
for i in $(seq 1 ${!_ptr}); do
h="\${${_keys}[${i}]}" # Safer to do it in two steps,
eval k=${h} #+ especially when quoting for spaces.
echo -n "'${k}' "
done;
}
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Now, let's test it.
# (Per comments at the beginning of the script.)
newhash Lovers
addhash Lovers Tristan Isolde
addhash Lovers 'Romeo Montague' 'Juliet Capulet'
# Output results.
echo
gethash Lovers Tristan # Isolde
echo
keyshash Lovers # 'Tristan' 'Romeo Montague'
echo; echo
exit 0
# Exercise:
# --------
# Add error checks to the functions.Now for a script that installs and mounts those cute USB keychain solid-state "hard drives."
Example A-23. Mounting USB keychain storage devices
#!/bin/bash
# ==> usb.sh
# ==> Script for mounting and installing pen/keychain USB storage devices.
# ==> Runs as root at system startup (see below).
# ==>
# ==> Newer Linux distros (2004 or later) autodetect
# ==> and install USB pen drives, and therefore don't need this script.
# ==> But, it's still instructive.
# This code is free software covered by GNU GPL license version 2 or above.
# Please refer to http://www.gnu.org/ for the full license text.
#
# Some code lifted from usb-mount by Michael Hamilton's usb-mount (LGPL)
#+ see http://users.actrix.co.nz/michael/usbmount.html
#
# INSTALL
# -------
# Put this in /etc/hotplug/usb/diskonkey.
# Then look in /etc/hotplug/usb.distmap, and copy all usb-storage entries
#+ into /etc/hotplug/usb.usermap, substituting "usb-storage" for "diskonkey".
# Otherwise this code is only run during the kernel module invocation/removal
#+ (at least in my tests), which defeats the purpose.
#
# TODO
# ----
# Handle more than one diskonkey device at one time (e.g. /dev/diskonkey1
#+ and /mnt/diskonkey1), etc. The biggest problem here is the handling in
#+ devlabel, which I haven't yet tried.
#
# AUTHOR and SUPPORT
# ------------------
# Konstantin Riabitsev, <icon linux duke edu>.
# Send any problem reports to my email address at the moment.
#
# ==> Comments added by ABS Guide author.
SYMLINKDEV=/dev/diskonkey
MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/diskonkey
DEVLABEL=/sbin/devlabel
DEVLABELCONFIG=/etc/sysconfig/devlabel
IAM=$0
##
# Functions lifted near-verbatim from usb-mount code.
#
function allAttachedScsiUsb {
find /proc/scsi/ -path '/proc/scsi/usb-storage*' -type f |
xargs grep -l 'Attached: Yes'
}
function scsiDevFromScsiUsb {
echo $1 | awk -F"[-/]" '{ n=$(NF-1);
print "/dev/sd" substr("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", n+1, 1) }'
}
if ["${ACTION}" = "add" ] && [-f "${DEVICE}" ]; then
##
# lifted from usbcam code.
#
if [-f /var/run/console.lock ]; then
CONSOLEOWNER=`cat /var/run/console.lock`
elif [-f /var/lock/console.lock ]; then
CONSOLEOWNER=`cat /var/lock/console.lock`
else
CONSOLEOWNER=
fi
for procEntry in $(allAttachedScsiUsb); do
scsiDev=$(scsiDevFromScsiUsb $procEntry)
# Some bug with usb-storage?
# Partitions are not in /proc/partitions until they are accessed
#+ somehow.
/sbin/fdisk -l $scsiDev >/dev/null
##
# Most devices have partitioning info, so the data would be on
#+ /dev/sd?1. However, some stupider ones don't have any partitioning
#+ and use the entire device for data storage. This tries to
#+ guess semi-intelligently if we have a /dev/sd?1 and if not, then
#+ it uses the entire device and hopes for the better.
#
if grep -q `basename $scsiDev`1 /proc/partitions; then
part="$scsiDev""1"
else
part=$scsiDev
fi
##
# Change ownership of the partition to the console user so they can
#+ mount it.
#
if [! -z "$CONSOLEOWNER" ]; then
chown $CONSOLEOWNER:disk $part
fi
##
# This checks if we already have this UUID defined with devlabel.
# If not, it then adds the device to the list.
#
prodid=`$DEVLABEL printid -d $part`
if ! grep -q $prodid $DEVLABELCONFIG; then
# cross our fingers and hope it works
$DEVLABEL add -d $part -s $SYMLINKDEV 2>/dev/null
fi
##
# Check if the mount point exists and create if it doesn't.
#
if [! -e $MOUNTPOINT ]; then
mkdir -p $MOUNTPOINT
fi
##
# Take care of /etc/fstab so mounting is easy.
#
if ! grep -q "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab; then
# Add an fstab entry
echo -e \
"$SYMLINKDEV\t\t$MOUNTPOINT\t\tauto\tnoauto,owner,kudzu 0 0" \
>> /etc/fstab
fi
done
if [! -z "$REMOVER" ]; then
##
# Make sure this script is triggered on device removal.
#
mkdir -p `dirname $REMOVER`
ln -s $IAM $REMOVER
fi
elif ["${ACTION}" = "remove" ]; then
##
# If the device is mounted, unmount it cleanly.
#
if grep -q "$MOUNTPOINT" /etc/mtab; then
# unmount cleanly
umount -l $MOUNTPOINT
fi
##
# Remove it from /etc/fstab if it's there.
#
if grep -q "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab; then
grep -v "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab > /etc/.fstab.new
mv -f /etc/.fstab.new /etc/fstab
fi
fi
exit 0Converting a text file to HTML format.
Example A-24. Converting to HTML
#!/bin/bash
# tohtml.sh [v. 0.2.01, reldate: 04/13/12, a teeny bit less buggy]
# Convert a text file to HTML format.
# Author: Mendel Cooper
# License: GPL3
# Usage: sh tohtml.sh < textfile > htmlfile
# Script can easily be modified to accept source and target filenames.
# Assumptions:
# 1) Paragraphs in (target) text file are separated by a blank line.
# 2) Jpeg images (*.jpg) are located in "images" subdirectory.
# In the target file, the image names are enclosed in square brackets,
# for example, [image01.jpg].
# 3) Emphasized (italic) phrases begin with a space+underscore
#+ or the first character on the line is an underscore,
#+ and end with an underscore+space or underscore+end-of-line.
# Settings
FNTSIZE=2 # Small-medium font size
IMGDIR="images" # Image directory
# Headers
HDR01='<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">'
HDR02='<!-- Converted to HTML by ***tohtml.sh*** script -->'
HDR03='<!-- script author: M. Leo Cooper <thegrendel.abs@gmail.com> -->'
HDR10='<html>'
HDR11='<head>'
HDR11a='</head>'
HDR12a='<title>'
HDR12b='</title>'
HDR121='<META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="tohtml.sh script">'
HDR13='<body bgcolor="#dddddd">' # Change background color to suit.
HDR14a='<font size='
HDR14b='>'
# Footers
FTR10='</body>'
FTR11='</html>'
# Tags
BOLD="<b>"
CENTER="<center>"
END_CENTER="</center>"
LF="<br>"
write_headers ()
{
echo "$HDR01"
echo
echo "$HDR02"
echo "$HDR03"
echo
echo
echo "$HDR10"
echo "$HDR11"
echo "$HDR121"
echo "$HDR11a"
echo "$HDR13"
echo
echo -n "$HDR14a"
echo -n "$FNTSIZE"
echo "$HDR14b"
echo
echo "$BOLD" # Everything in bold (more easily readable).
}
process_text ()
{
while read line # Read one line at a time.
do
{
if [! "$line" ] # Blank line?
then # Then new paragraph must follow.
echo
echo "$LF" # Insert two <br> tags.
echo "$LF"
echo
continue # Skip the underscore test.
else # Otherwise . . .
if [["$line" =~ \[*jpg\] ]] # Is a graphic?
then # Strip away brackets.
temp=$( echo "$line" | sed -e 's/\[//' -e 's/\]//' )
line=""$CENTER" <img src="\"$IMGDIR"/$temp\"> "$END_CENTER" "
# Add image tag.
# And, center it.
fi
fi
echo "$line" | grep -q _
if ["$?" -eq 0 ] # If line contains underscore ...
then
# ===================================================
# Convert underscored phrase to italics.
temp=$( echo "$line" |
sed -e 's/ _/ <i>/' -e 's/_/<\/i> /' |
sed -e 's/^_/<i>/' -e 's/_/<\/i>/' )
# Process only underscores prefixed by space,
#+ or at beginning or end of line.
# Do not convert underscores embedded within a word!
line="$temp"
# Slows script execution. Can be optimized?
# ===================================================
fi
# echo
echo "$line"
# echo
# Don't want extra blank lines in generated text!
} # End while
done
} # End process_text ()
write_footers () # Termination tags.
{
echo "$FTR10"
echo "$FTR11"
}
# main () {
# =========
write_headers
process_text
write_footers
# =========
# }
exit $?
# Exercises:
# ---------
# 1) Fixup: Check for closing underscore before a comma or period.
# 2) Add a test for the presence of a closing underscore
#+ in phrases to be italicized.Here is something to warm the hearts of webmasters and mistresses: a script that saves weblogs.
Example A-25. Preserving weblogs
#!/bin/bash
# archiveweblogs.sh v1.0
# Troy Engel <tengel@fluid.com>
# Slightly modified by document author.
# Used with permission.
#
# This script will preserve the normally rotated and
#+ thrown away weblogs from a default RedHat/Apache installation.
# It will save the files with a date/time stamp in the filename,
#+ bzipped, to a given directory.
#
# Run this from crontab nightly at an off hour,
#+ as bzip2 can suck up some serious CPU on huge logs:
# 0 2 * * * /opt/sbin/archiveweblogs.sh
PROBLEM=66
# Set this to your backup dir.
BKP_DIR=/opt/backups/weblogs
# Default Apache/RedHat stuff
LOG_DAYS="4 3 2 1"
LOG_DIR=/var/log/httpd
LOG_FILES="access_log error_log"
# Default RedHat program locations
LS=/bin/ls
MV=/bin/mv
ID=/usr/bin/id
CUT=/bin/cut
COL=/usr/bin/column
BZ2=/usr/bin/bzip2
# Are we root?
USER=`$ID -u`
if [ "X$USER" != "X0" ]; then
echo "PANIC: Only root can run this script!"
exit $PROBLEM
fi
# Backup dir exists/writable?
if [ ! -x $BKP_DIR ]; then
echo "PANIC: $BKP_DIR doesn't exist or isn't writable!"
exit $PROBLEM
fi
# Move, rename and bzip2 the logs
for logday in $LOG_DAYS; do
for logfile in $LOG_FILES; do
MYFILE="$LOG_DIR/$logfile.$logday"
if [ -w $MYFILE ]; then
DTS=`$LS -lgo --time-style=+%Y%m%d $MYFILE | $COL -t | $CUT -d ' ' -f7`
$MV $MYFILE $BKP_DIR/$logfile.$DTS
$BZ2 $BKP_DIR/$logfile.$DTS
else
# Only spew an error if the file exits (ergo non-writable).
if [ -f $MYFILE ]; then
echo "ERROR: $MYFILE not writable. Skipping."
fi
fi
done
done
exit 0How to keep the shell from expanding and reinterpreting text strings.
Example A-26. Protecting literal strings
#! /bin/bash
# protect_literal.sh
# set -vx
:<<-'_Protect_Literal_String_Doc'
Copyright (c) Michael S. Zick, 2003; All Rights Reserved
License: Unrestricted reuse in any form, for any purpose.
Warranty: None
Revision: $ID$
Documentation redirected to the Bash no-operation.
Bash will '/dev/null' this block when the script is first read.
(Uncomment the above set command to see this action.)
Remove the first (Sha-Bang) line when sourcing this as a library
procedure. Also comment out the example use code in the two
places where shown.
Usage:
_protect_literal_str 'Whatever string meets your ${fancy}'
Just echos the argument to standard out, hard quotes
restored.
$(_protect_literal_str 'Whatever string meets your ${fancy}')
as the right-hand-side of an assignment statement.
Does:
As the right-hand-side of an assignment, preserves the
hard quotes protecting the contents of the literal during
assignment.
Notes:
The strange names (_*) are used to avoid trampling on
the user's chosen names when this is sourced as a
library.
_Protect_Literal_String_Doc
# The 'for illustration' function form
_protect_literal_str() {
# Pick an un-used, non-printing character as local IFS.
# Not required, but shows that we are ignoring it.
local IFS=$'\x1B' # \ESC character
# Enclose the All-Elements-Of in hard quotes during assignment.
local tmp=$'\x27'$@$'\x27'
# local tmp=$'\''$@$'\'' # Even uglier.
local len=${#tmp} # Info only.
echo $tmp is $len long. # Output AND information.
}
# This is the short-named version.
_pls() {
local IFS=$'x1B' # \ESC character (not required)
echo $'\x27'$@$'\x27' # Hard quoted parameter glob
}
# :<<-'_Protect_Literal_String_Test'
# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #
# See how that looks when printed.
echo
echo "- - Test One - -"
_protect_literal_str 'Hello $user'
_protect_literal_str 'Hello "${username}"'
echo
# Which yields:
# - - Test One - -
# 'Hello $user' is 13 long.
# 'Hello "${username}"' is 21 long.
# Looks as expected, but why all of the trouble?
# The difference is hidden inside the Bash internal order
#+ of operations.
# Which shows when you use it on the RHS of an assignment.
# Declare an array for test values.
declare -a arrayZ
# Assign elements with various types of quotes and escapes.
arrayZ=( zero "$(_pls 'Hello ${Me}')" 'Hello ${You}' "\'Pass: ${pw}\'" )
# Now list that array and see what is there.
echo "- - Test Two - -"
for (( i=0 ; i<${#arrayZ[*]} ; i++ ))
do
echo Element $i: ${arrayZ[$i]} is: ${#arrayZ[$i]} long.
done
echo
# Which yields:
# - - Test Two - -
# Element 0: zero is: 4 long. # Our marker element
# Element 1: 'Hello ${Me}' is: 13 long. # Our "$(_pls '...' )"
# Element 2: Hello ${You} is: 12 long. # Quotes are missing
# Element 3: \'Pass: \' is: 10 long. # ${pw} expanded to nothing
# Now make an assignment with that result.
declare -a array2=( ${arrayZ[@]} )
# And print what happened.
echo "- - Test Three - -"
for (( i=0 ; i<${#array2[*]} ; i++ ))
do
echo Element $i: ${array2[$i]} is: ${#array2[$i]} long.
done
echo
# Which yields:
# - - Test Three - -
# Element 0: zero is: 4 long. # Our marker element.
# Element 1: Hello ${Me} is: 11 long. # Intended result.
# Element 2: Hello is: 5 long. # ${You} expanded to nothing.
# Element 3: 'Pass: is: 6 long. # Split on the whitespace.
# Element 4: ' is: 1 long. # The end quote is here now.
# Our Element 1 has had its leading and trailing hard quotes stripped.
# Although not shown, leading and trailing whitespace is also stripped.
# Now that the string contents are set, Bash will always, internally,
#+ hard quote the contents as required during its operations.
# Why?
# Considering our "$(_pls 'Hello ${Me}')" construction:
# " ... " -> Expansion required, strip the quotes.
# $( ... ) -> Replace with the result of..., strip this.
# _pls ' ... ' -> called with literal arguments, strip the quotes.
# The result returned includes hard quotes; BUT the above processing
#+ has already been done, so they become part of the value assigned.
#
# Similarly, during further usage of the string variable, the ${Me}
#+ is part of the contents (result) and survives any operations
# (Until explicitly told to evaluate the string).
# Hint: See what happens when the hard quotes ($'\x27') are replaced
#+ with soft quotes ($'\x22') in the above procedures.
# Interesting also is to remove the addition of any quoting.
# _Protect_Literal_String_Test
# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #
exit 0But, what if you want the shell to expand and reinterpret strings?
Example A-27. Unprotecting literal strings
#! /bin/bash
# unprotect_literal.sh
# set -vx
:<<-'_UnProtect_Literal_String_Doc'
Copyright (c) Michael S. Zick, 2003; All Rights Reserved
License: Unrestricted reuse in any form, for any purpose.
Warranty: None
Revision: $ID$
Documentation redirected to the Bash no-operation. Bash will
'/dev/null' this block when the script is first read.
(Uncomment the above set command to see this action.)
Remove the first (Sha-Bang) line when sourcing this as a library
procedure. Also comment out the example use code in the two
places where shown.
Usage:
Complement of the "$(_pls 'Literal String')" function.
(See the protect_literal.sh example.)
StringVar=$(_upls ProtectedSringVariable)
Does:
When used on the right-hand-side of an assignment statement;
makes the substitions embedded in the protected string.
Notes:
The strange names (_*) are used to avoid trampling on
the user's chosen names when this is sourced as a
library.
_UnProtect_Literal_String_Doc
_upls() {
local IFS=$'x1B' # \ESC character (not required)
eval echo $@ # Substitution on the glob.
}
# :<<-'_UnProtect_Literal_String_Test'
# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #
_pls() {
local IFS=$'x1B' # \ESC character (not required)
echo $'\x27'$@$'\x27' # Hard quoted parameter glob
}
# Declare an array for test values.
declare -a arrayZ
# Assign elements with various types of quotes and escapes.
arrayZ=( zero "$(_pls 'Hello ${Me}')" 'Hello ${You}' "\'Pass: ${pw}\'" )
# Now make an assignment with that result.
declare -a array2=( ${arrayZ[@]} )
# Which yielded:
# - - Test Three - -
# Element 0: zero is: 4 long # Our marker element.
# Element 1: Hello ${Me} is: 11 long # Intended result.
# Element 2: Hello is: 5 long # ${You} expanded to nothing.
# Element 3: 'Pass: is: 6 long # Split on the whitespace.
# Element 4: ' is: 1 long # The end quote is here now.
# set -vx
# Initialize 'Me' to something for the embedded ${Me} substitution.
# This needs to be done ONLY just prior to evaluating the
#+ protected string.
# (This is why it was protected to begin with.)
Me="to the array guy."
# Set a string variable destination to the result.
newVar=$(_upls ${array2[1]})
# Show what the contents are.
echo $newVar
# Do we really need a function to do this?
newerVar=$(eval echo ${array2[1]})
echo $newerVar
# I guess not, but the _upls function gives us a place to hang
#+ the documentation on.
# This helps when we forget what a # construction like:
#+ $(eval echo ... ) means.
# What if Me isn't set when the protected string is evaluated?
unset Me
newestVar=$(_upls ${array2[1]})
echo $newestVar
# Just gone, no hints, no runs, no errors.
# Why in the world?
# Setting the contents of a string variable containing character
#+ sequences that have a meaning in Bash is a general problem in
#+ script programming.
#
# This problem is now solved in eight lines of code
#+ (and four pages of description).
# Where is all this going?
# Dynamic content Web pages as an array of Bash strings.
# Content set per request by a Bash 'eval' command
#+ on the stored page template.
# Not intended to replace PHP, just an interesting thing to do.
###
# Don't have a webserver application?
# No problem, check the example directory of the Bash source;
#+ there is a Bash script for that also.
# _UnProtect_Literal_String_Test
# # # Remove the above "# " to disable this code. # # #
exit 0This interesting script helps hunt down spammers.
Example A-28. Spammer Identification
#!/bin/bash
# $Id: is_spammer.bash,v 1.12.2.11 2004/10/01 21:42:33 mszick Exp $
# Above line is RCS info.
# The latest version of this script is available from http://www.morethan.org.
#
# Spammer-identification
# by Michael S. Zick
# Used in the ABS Guide with permission.
#######################################################
# Documentation
# See also "Quickstart" at end of script.
#######################################################
:<<-'__is_spammer_Doc_'
Copyright (c) Michael S. Zick, 2004
License: Unrestricted reuse in any form, for any purpose.
Warranty: None -{Its a script; the user is on their own.}-
Impatient?
Application code: goto "# # # Hunt the Spammer' program code # # #"
Example output: ":<<-'_is_spammer_outputs_'"
How to use: Enter script name without arguments.
Or goto "Quickstart" at end of script.
Provides
Given a domain name or IP(v4) address as input:
Does an exhaustive set of queries to find the associated
network resources (short of recursing into TLDs).
Checks the IP(v4) addresses found against Blacklist
nameservers.
If found to be a blacklisted IP(v4) address,
reports the blacklist text records.
(Usually hyper-links to the specific report.)
Requires
A working Internet connection.
(Exercise: Add check and/or abort if not on-line when running script.)
Bash with arrays (2.05b+).
The external program 'dig' --
a utility program provided with the 'bind' set of programs.
Specifically, the version which is part of Bind series 9.x
See: http://www.isc.org
All usages of 'dig' are limited to wrapper functions,
which may be rewritten as required.
See: dig_wrappers.bash for details.
("Additional documentation" -- below)
Usage
Script requires a single argument, which may be:
1) A domain name;
2) An IP(v4) address;
3) A filename, with one name or address per line.
Script accepts an optional second argument, which may be:
1) A Blacklist server name;
2) A filename, with one Blacklist server name per line.
If the second argument is not provided, the script uses
a built-in set of (free) Blacklist servers.
See also, the Quickstart at the end of this script (after 'exit').
Return Codes
0 - All OK
1 - Script failure
2 - Something is Blacklisted
Optional environment variables
SPAMMER_TRACE
If set to a writable file,
script will log an execution flow trace.
SPAMMER_DATA
If set to a writable file, script will dump its
discovered data in the form of GraphViz file.
See: http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz
SPAMMER_LIMIT
Limits the depth of resource tracing.
Default is 2 levels.
A setting of 0 (zero) means 'unlimited' . . .
Caution: script might recurse the whole Internet!
A limit of 1 or 2 is most useful when processing
a file of domain names and addresses.
A higher limit can be useful when hunting spam gangs.
Additional documentation
Download the archived set of scripts
explaining and illustrating the function contained within this script.
http://bash.deta.in/mszick_clf.tar.bz2
Study notes
This script uses a large number of functions.
Nearly all general functions have their own example script.
Each of the example scripts have tutorial level comments.
Scripting project
Add support for IP(v6) addresses.
IP(v6) addresses are recognized but not processed.
Advanced project
Add the reverse lookup detail to the discovered information.
Report the delegation chain and abuse contacts.
Modify the GraphViz file output to include the
newly discovered information.
__is_spammer_Doc_
#######################################################
#### Special IFS settings used for string parsing. ####
# Whitespace == :Space:Tab:Line Feed:Carriage Return:
WSP_IFS=$'\x20'$'\x09'$'\x0A'$'\x0D'
# No Whitespace == Line Feed:Carriage Return
NO_WSP=$'\x0A'$'\x0D'
# Field separator for dotted decimal IP addresses
ADR_IFS=${NO_WSP}'.'
# Array to dotted string conversions
DOT_IFS='.'${WSP_IFS}
# # # Pending operations stack machine # # #
# This set of functions described in func_stack.bash.
# (See "Additional documentation" above.)
# # #
# Global stack of pending operations.
declare -f -a _pending_
# Global sentinel for stack runners
declare -i _p_ctrl_
# Global holder for currently executing function
declare -f _pend_current_
# # # Debug version only - remove for regular use # # #
#
# The function stored in _pend_hook_ is called
# immediately before each pending function is
# evaluated. Stack clean, _pend_current_ set.
#
# This thingy demonstrated in pend_hook.bash.
declare -f _pend_hook_
# # #
# The do nothing function
pend_dummy() { : ; }
# Clear and initialize the function stack.
pend_init() {
unset _pending_[@]
pend_func pend_stop_mark
_pend_hook_='pend_dummy' # Debug only.
}
# Discard the top function on the stack.
pend_pop() {
if [ ${#_pending_[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
local -i _top_
_top_=${#_pending_[@]}-1
unset _pending_[$_top_]
fi
}
# pend_func function_name [$(printf '%q\n' arguments)]
pend_func() {
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
set -f
_pending_[${#_pending_[@]}]=$@
set +f
}
# The function which stops the release:
pend_stop_mark() {
_p_ctrl_=0
}
pend_mark() {
pend_func pend_stop_mark
}
# Execute functions until 'pend_stop_mark' . . .
pend_release() {
local -i _top_ # Declare _top_ as integer.
_p_ctrl_=${#_pending_[@]}
while [ ${_p_ctrl_} -gt 0 ]
do
_top_=${#_pending_[@]}-1
_pend_current_=${_pending_[$_top_]}
unset _pending_[$_top_]
$_pend_hook_ # Debug only.
eval $_pend_current_
done
}
# Drop functions until 'pend_stop_mark' . . .
pend_drop() {
local -i _top_
local _pd_ctrl_=${#_pending_[@]}
while [ ${_pd_ctrl_} -gt 0 ]
do
_top_=$_pd_ctrl_-1
if [ "${_pending_[$_top_]}" == 'pend_stop_mark' ]
then
unset _pending_[$_top_]
break
else
unset _pending_[$_top_]
_pd_ctrl_=$_top_
fi
done
if [ ${#_pending_[@]} -eq 0 ]
then
pend_func pend_stop_mark
fi
}
#### Array editors ####
# This function described in edit_exact.bash.
# (See "Additional documentation," above.)
# edit_exact <excludes_array_name> <target_array_name>
edit_exact() {
[ $# -eq 2 ] ||
[ $# -eq 3 ] || return 1
local -a _ee_Excludes
local -a _ee_Target
local _ee_x
local _ee_t
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
set -f
eval _ee_Excludes=\( \$\{$1\[@\]\} \)
eval _ee_Target=\( \$\{$2\[@\]\} \)
local _ee_len=${#_ee_Target[@]} # Original length.
local _ee_cnt=${#_ee_Excludes[@]} # Exclude list length.
[ ${_ee_len} -ne 0 ] || return 0 # Can't edit zero length.
[ ${_ee_cnt} -ne 0 ] || return 0 # Can't edit zero length.
for (( x = 0; x < ${_ee_cnt} ; x++ ))
do
_ee_x=${_ee_Excludes[$x]}
for (( n = 0 ; n < ${_ee_len} ; n++ ))
do
_ee_t=${_ee_Target[$n]}
if [ x"${_ee_t}" == x"${_ee_x}" ]
then
unset _ee_Target[$n] # Discard match.
[ $# -eq 2 ] && break # If 2 arguments, then done.
fi
done
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_ee_Target\[@\]\} \)
set +f
return 0
}
# This function described in edit_by_glob.bash.
# edit_by_glob <excludes_array_name> <target_array_name>
edit_by_glob() {
[ $# -eq 2 ] ||
[ $# -eq 3 ] || return 1
local -a _ebg_Excludes
local -a _ebg_Target
local _ebg_x
local _ebg_t
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
set -f
eval _ebg_Excludes=\( \$\{$1\[@\]\} \)
eval _ebg_Target=\( \$\{$2\[@\]\} \)
local _ebg_len=${#_ebg_Target[@]}
local _ebg_cnt=${#_ebg_Excludes[@]}
[ ${_ebg_len} -ne 0 ] || return 0
[ ${_ebg_cnt} -ne 0 ] || return 0
for (( x = 0; x < ${_ebg_cnt} ; x++ ))
do
_ebg_x=${_ebg_Excludes[$x]}
for (( n = 0 ; n < ${_ebg_len} ; n++ ))
do
[ $# -eq 3 ] && _ebg_x=${_ebg_x}'*' # Do prefix edit
if [ ${_ebg_Target[$n]:=} ] #+ if defined & set.
then
_ebg_t=${_ebg_Target[$n]/#${_ebg_x}/}
[ ${#_ebg_t} -eq 0 ] && unset _ebg_Target[$n]
fi
done
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_ebg_Target\[@\]\} \)
set +f
return 0
}
# This function described in unique_lines.bash.
# unique_lines <in_name> <out_name>
unique_lines() {
[ $# -eq 2 ] || return 1
local -a _ul_in
local -a _ul_out
local -i _ul_cnt
local -i _ul_pos
local _ul_tmp
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
set -f
eval _ul_in=\( \$\{$1\[@\]\} \)
_ul_cnt=${#_ul_in[@]}
for (( _ul_pos = 0 ; _ul_pos < ${_ul_cnt} ; _ul_pos++ ))
do
if [ ${_ul_in[${_ul_pos}]:=} ] # If defined & not empty
then
_ul_tmp=${_ul_in[${_ul_pos}]}
_ul_out[${#_ul_out[@]}]=${_ul_tmp}
for (( zap = _ul_pos ; zap < ${_ul_cnt} ; zap++ ))
do
[ ${_ul_in[${zap}]:=} ] &&
[ 'x'${_ul_in[${zap}]} == 'x'${_ul_tmp} ] &&
unset _ul_in[${zap}]
done
fi
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_ul_out\[@\]\} \)
set +f
return 0
}
# This function described in char_convert.bash.
# to_lower <string>
to_lower() {
[ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1
local _tl_out
_tl_out=${1//A/a}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//B/b}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//C/c}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//D/d}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//E/e}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//F/f}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//G/g}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//H/h}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//I/i}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//J/j}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//K/k}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//L/l}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//M/m}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//N/n}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//O/o}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//P/p}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//Q/q}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//R/r}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//S/s}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//T/t}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//U/u}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//V/v}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//W/w}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//X/x}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//Y/y}
_tl_out=${_tl_out//Z/z}
echo ${_tl_out}
return 0
}
#### Application helper functions ####
# Not everybody uses dots as separators (APNIC, for example).
# This function described in to_dot.bash
# to_dot <string>
to_dot() {
[ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1
echo ${1//[#|@|%]/.}
return 0
}
# This function described in is_number.bash.
# is_number <input>
is_number() {
[ "$#" -eq 1 ] || return 1 # is blank?
[ x"$1" == 'x0' ] && return 0 # is zero?
local -i tst
let tst=$1 2>/dev/null # else is numeric!
return $?
}
# This function described in is_address.bash.
# is_address <input>
is_address() {
[ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 # Blank ==> false
local -a _ia_input
local IFS=${ADR_IFS}
_ia_input=( $1 )
if [ ${#_ia_input[@]} -eq 4 ] &&
is_number ${_ia_input[0]} &&
is_number ${_ia_input[1]} &&
is_number ${_ia_input[2]} &&
is_number ${_ia_input[3]} &&
[ ${_ia_input[0]} -lt 256 ] &&
[ ${_ia_input[1]} -lt 256 ] &&
[ ${_ia_input[2]} -lt 256 ] &&
[ ${_ia_input[3]} -lt 256 ]
then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
# This function described in split_ip.bash.
# split_ip <IP_address>
#+ <array_name_norm> [<array_name_rev>]
split_ip() {
[ $# -eq 3 ] || # Either three
[ $# -eq 2 ] || return 1 #+ or two arguments
local -a _si_input
local IFS=${ADR_IFS}
_si_input=( $1 )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
eval $2=\(\ \$\{_si_input\[@\]\}\ \)
if [ $# -eq 3 ]
then
# Build query order array.
local -a _dns_ip
_dns_ip[0]=${_si_input[3]}
_dns_ip[1]=${_si_input[2]}
_dns_ip[2]=${_si_input[1]}
_dns_ip[3]=${_si_input[0]}
eval $3=\(\ \$\{_dns_ip\[@\]\}\ \)
fi
return 0
}
# This function described in dot_array.bash.
# dot_array <array_name>
dot_array() {
[ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 # Single argument required.
local -a _da_input
eval _da_input=\(\ \$\{$1\[@\]\}\ \)
local IFS=${DOT_IFS}
local _da_output=${_da_input[@]}
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
echo ${_da_output}
return 0
}
# This function described in file_to_array.bash
# file_to_array <file_name> <line_array_name>
file_to_array() {
[ $# -eq 2 ] || return 1 # Two arguments required.
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
local -a _fta_tmp_
_fta_tmp_=( $(cat $1) )
eval $2=\( \$\{_fta_tmp_\[@\]\} \)
return 0
}
# Columnized print of an array of multi-field strings.
# col_print <array_name> <min_space> <
#+ tab_stop [tab_stops]>
col_print() {
[ $# -gt 2 ] || return 0
local -a _cp_inp
local -a _cp_spc
local -a _cp_line
local _cp_min
local _cp_mcnt
local _cp_pos
local _cp_cnt
local _cp_tab
local -i _cp
local -i _cpf
local _cp_fld
# WARNING: FOLLOWING LINE NOT BLANK -- IT IS QUOTED SPACES.
local _cp_max=' '
set -f
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
eval _cp_inp=\(\ \$\{$1\[@\]\}\ \)
[ ${#_cp_inp[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0 # Empty is easy.
_cp_mcnt=$2
_cp_min=${_cp_max:1:${_cp_mcnt}}
shift
shift
_cp_cnt=$#
for (( _cp = 0 ; _cp < _cp_cnt ; _cp++ ))
do
_cp_spc[${#_cp_spc[@]}]="${_cp_max:2:$1}" #"
shift
done
_cp_cnt=${#_cp_inp[@]}
for (( _cp = 0 ; _cp < _cp_cnt ; _cp++ ))
do
_cp_pos=1
IFS=${NO_WSP}$'\x20'
_cp_line=( ${_cp_inp[${_cp}]} )
IFS=${NO_WSP}
for (( _cpf = 0 ; _cpf < ${#_cp_line[@]} ; _cpf++ ))
do
_cp_tab=${_cp_spc[${_cpf}]:${_cp_pos}}
if [ ${#_cp_tab} -lt ${_cp_mcnt} ]
then
_cp_tab="${_cp_min}"
fi
echo -n "${_cp_tab}"
(( _cp_pos = ${_cp_pos} + ${#_cp_tab} ))
_cp_fld="${_cp_line[${_cpf}]}"
echo -n ${_cp_fld}
(( _cp_pos = ${_cp_pos} + ${#_cp_fld} ))
done
echo
done
set +f
return 0
}
# # # # 'Hunt the Spammer' data flow # # # #
# Application return code
declare -i _hs_RC
# Original input, from which IP addresses are removed
# After which, domain names to check
declare -a uc_name
# Original input IP addresses are moved here
# After which, IP addresses to check
declare -a uc_address
# Names against which address expansion run
# Ready for name detail lookup
declare -a chk_name
# Addresses against which name expansion run
# Ready for address detail lookup
declare -a chk_address
# Recursion is depth-first-by-name.
# The expand_input_address maintains this list
#+ to prohibit looking up addresses twice during
#+ domain name recursion.
declare -a been_there_addr
been_there_addr=( '127.0.0.1' ) # Whitelist localhost
# Names which we have checked (or given up on)
declare -a known_name
# Addresses which we have checked (or given up on)
declare -a known_address
# List of zero or more Blacklist servers to check.
# Each 'known_address' will be checked against each server,
#+ with negative replies and failures suppressed.
declare -a list_server
# Indirection limit - set to zero == no limit
indirect=${SPAMMER_LIMIT:=2}
# # # # 'Hunt the Spammer' information output data # # # #
# Any domain name may have multiple IP addresses.
# Any IP address may have multiple domain names.
# Therefore, track unique address-name pairs.
declare -a known_pair
declare -a reverse_pair
# In addition to the data flow variables; known_address
#+ known_name and list_server, the following are output to the
#+ external graphics interface file.
# Authority chain, parent -> SOA fields.
declare -a auth_chain
# Reference chain, parent name -> child name
declare -a ref_chain
# DNS chain - domain name -> address
declare -a name_address
# Name and service pairs - domain name -> service
declare -a name_srvc
# Name and resource pairs - domain name -> Resource Record
declare -a name_resource
# Parent and Child pairs - parent name -> child name
# This MAY NOT be the same as the ref_chain followed!
declare -a parent_child
# Address and Blacklist hit pairs - address->server
declare -a address_hits
# Dump interface file data
declare -f _dot_dump
_dot_dump=pend_dummy # Initially a no-op
# Data dump is enabled by setting the environment variable SPAMMER_DATA
#+ to the name of a writable file.
declare _dot_file
# Helper function for the dump-to-dot-file function
# dump_to_dot <array_name> <prefix>
dump_to_dot() {
local -a _dda_tmp
local -i _dda_cnt
local _dda_form=' '${2}'%04u %s\n'
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
eval _dda_tmp=\(\ \$\{$1\[@\]\}\ \)
_dda_cnt=${#_dda_tmp[@]}
if [ ${_dda_cnt} -gt 0 ]
then
for (( _dda = 0 ; _dda < _dda_cnt ; _dda++ ))
do
printf "${_dda_form}" \
"${_dda}" "${_dda_tmp[${_dda}]}" >>${_dot_file}
done
fi
}
# Which will also set _dot_dump to this function . . .
dump_dot() {
local -i _dd_cnt
echo '# Data vintage: '$(date -R) >${_dot_file}
echo '# ABS Guide: is_spammer.bash; v2, 2004-msz' >>${_dot_file}
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo 'digraph G {' >>${_dot_file}
if [ ${#known_name[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known domain name nodes' >>${_dot_file}
_dd_cnt=${#known_name[@]}
for (( _dd = 0 ; _dd < _dd_cnt ; _dd++ ))
do
printf ' N%04u [label="%s"] ;\n' \
"${_dd}" "${known_name[${_dd}]}" >>${_dot_file}
done
fi
if [ ${#known_address[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known address nodes' >>${_dot_file}
_dd_cnt=${#known_address[@]}
for (( _dd = 0 ; _dd < _dd_cnt ; _dd++ ))
do
printf ' A%04u [label="%s"] ;\n' \
"${_dd}" "${known_address[${_dd}]}" >>${_dot_file}
done
fi
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '/*' >>${_dot_file}
echo ' * Known relationships :: User conversion to' >>${_dot_file}
echo ' * graphic form by hand or program required.' >>${_dot_file}
echo ' *' >>${_dot_file}
if [ ${#auth_chain[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Authority ref. edges followed & field source.' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot auth_chain AC
fi
if [ ${#ref_chain[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Name ref. edges followed and field source.' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot ref_chain RC
fi
if [ ${#name_address[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known name->address edges' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot name_address NA
fi
if [ ${#name_srvc[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known name->service edges' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot name_srvc NS
fi
if [ ${#name_resource[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known name->resource edges' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot name_resource NR
fi
if [ ${#parent_child[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known parent->child edges' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot parent_child PC
fi
if [ ${#list_server[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known Blacklist nodes' >>${_dot_file}
_dd_cnt=${#list_server[@]}
for (( _dd = 0 ; _dd < _dd_cnt ; _dd++ ))
do
printf ' LS%04u [label="%s"] ;\n' \
"${_dd}" "${list_server[${_dd}]}" >>${_dot_file}
done
fi
unique_lines address_hits address_hits
if [ ${#address_hits[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo '# Known address->Blacklist_hit edges' >>${_dot_file}
echo '# CAUTION: dig warnings can trigger false hits.' >>${_dot_file}
dump_to_dot address_hits AH
fi
echo >>${_dot_file}
echo ' *' >>${_dot_file}
echo ' * That is a lot of relationships. Happy graphing.' >>${_dot_file}
echo ' */' >>${_dot_file}
echo '}' >>${_dot_file}
return 0
}
# # # # 'Hunt the Spammer' execution flow # # # #
# Execution trace is enabled by setting the
#+ environment variable SPAMMER_TRACE to the name of a writable file.
declare -a _trace_log
declare _log_file
# Function to fill the trace log
trace_logger() {
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]=${_pend_current_}
}
# Dump trace log to file function variable.
declare -f _log_dump
_log_dump=pend_dummy # Initially a no-op.
# Dump the trace log to a file.
dump_log() {
local -i _dl_cnt
_dl_cnt=${#_trace_log[@]}
for (( _dl = 0 ; _dl < _dl_cnt ; _dl++ ))
do
echo ${_trace_log[${_dl}]} >> ${_log_file}
done
_dl_cnt=${#_pending_[@]}
if [ ${_dl_cnt} -gt 0 ]
then
_dl_cnt=${_dl_cnt}-1
echo '# # # Operations stack not empty # # #' >> ${_log_file}
for (( _dl = ${_dl_cnt} ; _dl >= 0 ; _dl-- ))
do
echo ${_pending_[${_dl}]} >> ${_log_file}
done
fi
}
# # # Utility program 'dig' wrappers # # #
#
# These wrappers are derived from the
#+ examples shown in dig_wrappers.bash.
#
# The major difference is these return
#+ their results as a list in an array.
#
# See dig_wrappers.bash for details and
#+ use that script to develop any changes.
#
# # #
# Short form answer: 'dig' parses answer.
# Forward lookup :: Name -> Address
# short_fwd <domain_name> <array_name>
short_fwd() {
local -a _sf_reply
local -i _sf_rc
local -i _sf_cnt
IFS=${NO_WSP}
echo -n '.'
# echo 'sfwd: '${1}
_sf_reply=( $(dig +short ${1} -c in -t a 2>/dev/null) )
_sf_rc=$?
if [ ${_sf_rc} -ne 0 ]
then
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='## Lookup error '${_sf_rc}' on '${1}' ##'
# [ ${_sf_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop
return ${_sf_rc}
else
# Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout.
_sf_cnt=${#_sf_reply[@]}
for (( _sf = 0 ; _sf < ${_sf_cnt} ; _sf++ ))
do
[ 'x'${_sf_reply[${_sf}]:0:2} == 'x;;' ] &&
unset _sf_reply[${_sf}]
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_sf_reply\[@\]\} \)
fi
return 0
}
# Reverse lookup :: Address -> Name
# short_rev <ip_address> <array_name>
short_rev() {
local -a _sr_reply
local -i _sr_rc
local -i _sr_cnt
IFS=${NO_WSP}
echo -n '.'
# echo 'srev: '${1}
_sr_reply=( $(dig +short -x ${1} 2>/dev/null) )
_sr_rc=$?
if [ ${_sr_rc} -ne 0 ]
then
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='## Lookup error '${_sr_rc}' on '${1}' ##'
# [ ${_sr_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop
return ${_sr_rc}
else
# Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout.
_sr_cnt=${#_sr_reply[@]}
for (( _sr = 0 ; _sr < ${_sr_cnt} ; _sr++ ))
do
[ 'x'${_sr_reply[${_sr}]:0:2} == 'x;;' ] &&
unset _sr_reply[${_sr}]
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_sr_reply\[@\]\} \)
fi
return 0
}
# Special format lookup used to query blacklist servers.
# short_text <ip_address> <array_name>
short_text() {
local -a _st_reply
local -i _st_rc
local -i _st_cnt
IFS=${NO_WSP}
# echo 'stxt: '${1}
_st_reply=( $(dig +short ${1} -c in -t txt 2>/dev/null) )
_st_rc=$?
if [ ${_st_rc} -ne 0 ]
then
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='##Text lookup error '${_st_rc}' on '${1}'##'
# [ ${_st_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop
return ${_st_rc}
else
# Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout.
_st_cnt=${#_st_reply[@]}
for (( _st = 0 ; _st < ${#_st_cnt} ; _st++ ))
do
[ 'x'${_st_reply[${_st}]:0:2} == 'x;;' ] &&
unset _st_reply[${_st}]
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_st_reply\[@\]\} \)
fi
return 0
}
# The long forms, a.k.a., the parse it yourself versions
# RFC 2782 Service lookups
# dig +noall +nofail +answer _ldap._tcp.openldap.org -t srv
# _<service>._<protocol>.<domain_name>
# _ldap._tcp.openldap.org. 3600 IN SRV 0 0 389 ldap.openldap.org.
# domain TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
# Forward lookup :: Name -> poor man's zone transfer
# long_fwd <domain_name> <array_name>
long_fwd() {
local -a _lf_reply
local -i _lf_rc
local -i _lf_cnt
IFS=${NO_WSP}
echo -n ':'
# echo 'lfwd: '${1}
_lf_reply=( $(
dig +noall +nofail +answer +authority +additional \
${1} -t soa ${1} -t mx ${1} -t any 2>/dev/null) )
_lf_rc=$?
if [ ${_lf_rc} -ne 0 ]
then
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='# Zone lookup err '${_lf_rc}' on '${1}' #'
# [ ${_lf_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop
return ${_lf_rc}
else
# Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout.
_lf_cnt=${#_lf_reply[@]}
for (( _lf = 0 ; _lf < ${_lf_cnt} ; _lf++ ))
do
[ 'x'${_lf_reply[${_lf}]:0:2} == 'x;;' ] &&
unset _lf_reply[${_lf}]
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_lf_reply\[@\]\} \)
fi
return 0
}
# The reverse lookup domain name corresponding to the IPv6 address:
# 4321:0:1:2:3:4:567:89ab
# would be (nibble, I.E: Hexdigit) reversed:
# b.a.9.8.7.6.5.0.4.0.0.0.3.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.2.3.4.IP6.ARPA.
# Reverse lookup :: Address -> poor man's delegation chain
# long_rev <rev_ip_address> <array_name>
long_rev() {
local -a _lr_reply
local -i _lr_rc
local -i _lr_cnt
local _lr_dns
_lr_dns=${1}'.in-addr.arpa.'
IFS=${NO_WSP}
echo -n ':'
# echo 'lrev: '${1}
_lr_reply=( $(
dig +noall +nofail +answer +authority +additional \
${_lr_dns} -t soa ${_lr_dns} -t any 2>/dev/null) )
_lr_rc=$?
if [ ${_lr_rc} -ne 0 ]
then
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='# Deleg lkp error '${_lr_rc}' on '${1}' #'
# [ ${_lr_rc} -ne 9 ] && pend_drop
return ${_lr_rc}
else
# Some versions of 'dig' return warnings on stdout.
_lr_cnt=${#_lr_reply[@]}
for (( _lr = 0 ; _lr < ${_lr_cnt} ; _lr++ ))
do
[ 'x'${_lr_reply[${_lr}]:0:2} == 'x;;' ] &&
unset _lr_reply[${_lr}]
done
eval $2=\( \$\{_lr_reply\[@\]\} \)
fi
return 0
}
# # # Application specific functions # # #
# Mung a possible name; suppresses root and TLDs.
# name_fixup <string>
name_fixup(){
local -a _nf_tmp
local -i _nf_end
local _nf_str
local IFS
_nf_str=$(to_lower ${1})
_nf_str=$(to_dot ${_nf_str})
_nf_end=${#_nf_str}-1
[ ${_nf_str:${_nf_end}} != '.' ] &&
_nf_str=${_nf_str}'.'
IFS=${ADR_IFS}
_nf_tmp=( ${_nf_str} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
_nf_end=${#_nf_tmp[@]}
case ${_nf_end} in
0) # No dots, only dots.
echo
return 1
;;
1) # Only a TLD.
echo
return 1
;;
2) # Maybe okay.
echo ${_nf_str}
return 0
# Needs a lookup table?
if [ ${#_nf_tmp[1]} -eq 2 ]
then # Country coded TLD.
echo
return 1
else
echo ${_nf_str}
return 0
fi
;;
esac
echo ${_nf_str}
return 0
}
# Grope and mung original input(s).
split_input() {
[ ${#uc_name[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0
local -i _si_cnt
local -i _si_len
local _si_str
unique_lines uc_name uc_name
_si_cnt=${#uc_name[@]}
for (( _si = 0 ; _si < _si_cnt ; _si++ ))
do
_si_str=${uc_name[$_si]}
if is_address ${_si_str}
then
uc_address[${#uc_address[@]}]=${_si_str}
unset uc_name[$_si]
else
if ! uc_name[$_si]=$(name_fixup ${_si_str})
then
unset ucname[$_si]
fi
fi
done
uc_name=( ${uc_name[@]} )
_si_cnt=${#uc_name[@]}
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Input '${_si_cnt}' unchkd name input(s).#'
_si_cnt=${#uc_address[@]}
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Input '${_si_cnt}' unchkd addr input(s).#'
return 0
}
# # # Discovery functions -- recursively interlocked by external data # # #
# # # The leading 'if list is empty; return 0' in each is required. # # #
# Recursion limiter
# limit_chk() <next_level>
limit_chk() {
local -i _lc_lmt
# Check indirection limit.
if [ ${indirect} -eq 0 ] || [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
# The 'do-forever' choice
echo 1 # Any value will do.
return 0 # OK to continue.
else
# Limiting is in effect.
if [ ${indirect} -lt ${1} ]
then
echo ${1} # Whatever.
return 1 # Stop here.
else
_lc_lmt=${1}+1 # Bump the given limit.
echo ${_lc_lmt} # Echo it.
return 0 # OK to continue.
fi
fi
}
# For each name in uc_name:
# Move name to chk_name.
# Add addresses to uc_address.
# Pend expand_input_address.
# Repeat until nothing new found.
# expand_input_name <indirection_limit>
expand_input_name() {
[ ${#uc_name[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0
local -a _ein_addr
local -a _ein_new
local -i _ucn_cnt
local -i _ein_cnt
local _ein_tst
_ucn_cnt=${#uc_name[@]}
if ! _ein_cnt=$(limit_chk ${1})
then
return 0
fi
for (( _ein = 0 ; _ein < _ucn_cnt ; _ein++ ))
do
if short_fwd ${uc_name[${_ein}]} _ein_new
then
for (( _ein_cnt = 0 ; _ein_cnt < ${#_ein_new[@]}; _ein_cnt++ ))
do
_ein_tst=${_ein_new[${_ein_cnt}]}
if is_address ${_ein_tst}
then
_ein_addr[${#_ein_addr[@]}]=${_ein_tst}
fi
done
fi
done
unique_lines _ein_addr _ein_addr # Scrub duplicates.
edit_exact chk_address _ein_addr # Scrub pending detail.
edit_exact known_address _ein_addr # Scrub already detailed.
if [ ${#_ein_addr[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
uc_address=( ${uc_address[@]} ${_ein_addr[@]} )
pend_func expand_input_address ${1}
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Add '${#_ein_addr[@]}' unchkd addr inp.#'
fi
edit_exact chk_name uc_name # Scrub pending detail.
edit_exact known_name uc_name # Scrub already detailed.
if [ ${#uc_name[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
chk_name=( ${chk_name[@]} ${uc_name[@]} )
pend_func detail_each_name ${1}
fi
unset uc_name[@]
return 0
}
# For each address in uc_address:
# Move address to chk_address.
# Add names to uc_name.
# Pend expand_input_name.
# Repeat until nothing new found.
# expand_input_address <indirection_limit>
expand_input_address() {
[ ${#uc_address[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0
local -a _eia_addr
local -a _eia_name
local -a _eia_new
local -i _uca_cnt
local -i _eia_cnt
local _eia_tst
unique_lines uc_address _eia_addr
unset uc_address[@]
edit_exact been_there_addr _eia_addr
_uca_cnt=${#_eia_addr[@]}
[ ${_uca_cnt} -gt 0 ] &&
been_there_addr=( ${been_there_addr[@]} ${_eia_addr[@]} )
for (( _eia = 0 ; _eia < _uca_cnt ; _eia++ ))
do
if short_rev ${_eia_addr[${_eia}]} _eia_new
then
for (( _eia_cnt = 0 ; _eia_cnt < ${#_eia_new[@]} ; _eia_cnt++ ))
do
_eia_tst=${_eia_new[${_eia_cnt}]}
if _eia_tst=$(name_fixup ${_eia_tst})
then
_eia_name[${#_eia_name[@]}]=${_eia_tst}
fi
done
fi
done
unique_lines _eia_name _eia_name # Scrub duplicates.
edit_exact chk_name _eia_name # Scrub pending detail.
edit_exact known_name _eia_name # Scrub already detailed.
if [ ${#_eia_name[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
uc_name=( ${uc_name[@]} ${_eia_name[@]} )
pend_func expand_input_name ${1}
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Add '${#_eia_name[@]}' unchkd name inp.#'
fi
edit_exact chk_address _eia_addr # Scrub pending detail.
edit_exact known_address _eia_addr # Scrub already detailed.
if [ ${#_eia_addr[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
chk_address=( ${chk_address[@]} ${_eia_addr[@]} )
pend_func detail_each_address ${1}
fi
return 0
}
# The parse-it-yourself zone reply.
# The input is the chk_name list.
# detail_each_name <indirection_limit>
detail_each_name() {
[ ${#chk_name[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0
local -a _den_chk # Names to check
local -a _den_name # Names found here
local -a _den_address # Addresses found here
local -a _den_pair # Pairs found here
local -a _den_rev # Reverse pairs found here
local -a _den_tmp # Line being parsed
local -a _den_auth # SOA contact being parsed
local -a _den_new # The zone reply
local -a _den_pc # Parent-Child gets big fast
local -a _den_ref # So does reference chain
local -a _den_nr # Name-Resource can be big
local -a _den_na # Name-Address
local -a _den_ns # Name-Service
local -a _den_achn # Chain of Authority
local -i _den_cnt # Count of names to detail
local -i _den_lmt # Indirection limit
local _den_who # Named being processed
local _den_rec # Record type being processed
local _den_cont # Contact domain
local _den_str # Fixed up name string
local _den_str2 # Fixed up reverse
local IFS=${WSP_IFS}
# Local, unique copy of names to check
unique_lines chk_name _den_chk
unset chk_name[@] # Done with globals.
# Less any names already known
edit_exact known_name _den_chk
_den_cnt=${#_den_chk[@]}
# If anything left, add to known_name.
[ ${_den_cnt} -gt 0 ] &&
known_name=( ${known_name[@]} ${_den_chk[@]} )
# for the list of (previously) unknown names . . .
for (( _den = 0 ; _den < _den_cnt ; _den++ ))
do
_den_who=${_den_chk[${_den}]}
if long_fwd ${_den_who} _den_new
then
unique_lines _den_new _den_new
if [ ${#_den_new[@]} -eq 0 ]
then
_den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]='0.0.0.0 '${_den_who}
fi
# Parse each line in the reply.
for (( _line = 0 ; _line < ${#_den_new[@]} ; _line++ ))
do
IFS=${NO_WSP}$'\x09'$'\x20'
_den_tmp=( ${_den_new[${_line}]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
# If usable record and not a warning message . . .
if [ ${#_den_tmp[@]} -gt 4 ] && [ 'x'${_den_tmp[0]} != 'x;;' ]
then
_den_rec=${_den_tmp[3]}
_den_nr[${#_den_nr[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_rec}
# Begin at RFC1033 (+++)
case ${_den_rec} in
#<name> [<ttl>] [<class>] SOA <origin> <person>
SOA) # Start Of Authority
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_achn[${#_den_achn[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' SOA'
# SOA origin -- domain name of master zone record
if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str2}
_den_achn[${#_den_achn[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str2}' SOA.O'
fi
# Responsible party e-mail address (possibly bogus).
# Possibility of first.last@domain.name ignored.
set -f
if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[5]})
then
IFS=${ADR_IFS}
_den_auth=( ${_den_str2} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
if [ ${#_den_auth[@]} -gt 2 ]
then
_den_cont=${_den_auth[1]}
for (( _auth = 2 ; _auth < ${#_den_auth[@]} ; _auth++ ))
do
_den_cont=${_den_cont}'.'${_den_auth[${_auth}]}
done
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_cont}'.'
_den_achn[${#_den_achn[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_cont}'. SOA.C'
fi
fi
set +f
fi
;;
A) # IP(v4) Address Record
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' '${_den_str}
_den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_tmp[4]}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' A'
else
_den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' unknown.domain'
_den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]='unknown.domain '${_den_tmp[4]}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' unknown.domain A'
fi
_den_address[${#_den_address[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_tmp[4]}
;;
NS) # Name Server Record
# Domain name being serviced (may be other than current)
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' NS'
# Domain name of service provider
if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str2}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str2}' NSH'
_den_ns[${#_den_ns[@]}]=${_den_str2}' NS'
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_str2}
fi
fi
;;
MX) # Mail Server Record
# Domain name being serviced (wildcards not handled here)
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' MX'
fi
# Domain name of service provider
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[5]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' MXH'
_den_ns[${#_den_ns[@]}]=${_den_str}' MX'
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}
fi
;;
PTR) # Reverse address record
# Special name
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' PTR'
# Host name (not a CNAME)
if _den_str2=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]})
then
_den_rev[${#_den_rev[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_str2}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str2}' PTRH'
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}
fi
fi
;;
AAAA) # IP(v6) Address Record
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' '${_den_str}
_den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]=${_den_str}' '${_den_tmp[4]}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' AAAA'
else
_den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]=${_den_tmp[4]}' unknown.domain'
_den_na[${#_den_na[@]}]='unknown.domain '${_den_tmp[4]}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' unknown.domain'
fi
# No processing for IPv6 addresses
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_tmp[4]}
;;
CNAME) # Alias name record
# Nickname
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[0]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' CNAME'
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}
fi
# Hostname
if _den_str=$(name_fixup ${_den_tmp[4]})
then
_den_name[${#_den_name[@]}]=${_den_str}
_den_ref[${#_den_ref[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}' CHOST'
_den_pc[${#_den_pc[@]}]=${_den_who}' '${_den_str}
fi
;;
# TXT)
# ;;
esac
fi
done
else # Lookup error == 'A' record 'unknown address'
_den_pair[${#_den_pair[@]}]='0.0.0.0 '${_den_who}
fi
done
# Control dot array growth.
unique_lines _den_achn _den_achn # Works best, all the same.
edit_exact auth_chain _den_achn # Works best, unique items.
if [ ${#_den_achn[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
auth_chain=( ${auth_chain[@]} ${_den_achn[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
unique_lines _den_ref _den_ref # Works best, all the same.
edit_exact ref_chain _den_ref # Works best, unique items.
if [ ${#_den_ref[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
ref_chain=( ${ref_chain[@]} ${_den_ref[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
unique_lines _den_na _den_na
edit_exact name_address _den_na
if [ ${#_den_na[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
name_address=( ${name_address[@]} ${_den_na[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
unique_lines _den_ns _den_ns
edit_exact name_srvc _den_ns
if [ ${#_den_ns[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
name_srvc=( ${name_srvc[@]} ${_den_ns[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
unique_lines _den_nr _den_nr
edit_exact name_resource _den_nr
if [ ${#_den_nr[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
name_resource=( ${name_resource[@]} ${_den_nr[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
unique_lines _den_pc _den_pc
edit_exact parent_child _den_pc
if [ ${#_den_pc[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
parent_child=( ${parent_child[@]} ${_den_pc[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
# Update list known_pair (Address and Name).
unique_lines _den_pair _den_pair
edit_exact known_pair _den_pair
if [ ${#_den_pair[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
known_pair=( ${known_pair[@]} ${_den_pair[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
# Update list of reverse pairs.
unique_lines _den_rev _den_rev
edit_exact reverse_pair _den_rev
if [ ${#_den_rev[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
IFS=${NO_WSP}
reverse_pair=( ${reverse_pair[@]} ${_den_rev[@]} )
IFS=${WSP_IFS}
fi
# Check indirection limit -- give up if reached.
if ! _den_lmt=$(limit_chk ${1})
then
return 0
fi
# Execution engine is LIFO. Order of pend operations is important.
# Did we define any new addresses?
unique_lines _den_address _den_address # Scrub duplicates.
edit_exact known_address _den_address # Scrub already processed.
edit_exact un_address _den_address # Scrub already waiting.
if [ ${#_den_address[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
uc_address=( ${uc_address[@]} ${_den_address[@]} )
pend_func expand_input_address ${_den_lmt}
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='# Add '${#_den_address[@]}' unchkd addr. #'
fi
# Did we find any new names?
unique_lines _den_name _den_name # Scrub duplicates.
edit_exact known_name _den_name # Scrub already processed.
edit_exact uc_name _den_name # Scrub already waiting.
if [ ${#_den_name[@]} -gt 0 ] # Anything new?
then
uc_name=( ${uc_name[@]} ${_den_name[@]} )
pend_func expand_input_name ${_den_lmt}
_trace_log[${#_trace_log[@]}]='#Added '${#_den_name[@]}' unchkd name#'
fi
return 0
}
# The parse-it-yourself delegation reply
# Input is the chk_address list.
# detail_each_address <indirection_limit>
detail_each_address() {
[ ${#chk_address[@]} -gt 0 ] || return 0
unique_lines chk_address chk_address
edit_exact known_address chk_address
if [ ${#chk_address[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
known_address=( ${known_address[@]} ${chk_address[@]} )
unset chk_address[@]
fi
return 0
}
# # # Application specific output functions # # #
# Pretty print the known pairs.
report_pairs() {
echo
echo 'Known network pairs.'
col_print known_pair 2 5 30
if [ ${#auth_chain[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo
echo 'Known chain of authority.'
col_print auth_chain 2 5 30 55
fi
if [ ${#reverse_pair[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo
echo 'Known reverse pairs.'
col_print reverse_pair 2 5 55
fi
return 0
}
# Check an address against the list of blacklist servers.
# A good place to capture for GraphViz: address->status(server(reports))
# check_lists <ip_address>
check_lists() {
[ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1
local -a _cl_fwd_addr
local -a _cl_rev_addr
local -a _cl_reply
local -i _cl_rc
local -i _ls_cnt
local _cl_dns_addr
local _cl_lkup
split_ip ${1} _cl_fwd_addr _cl_rev_addr
_cl_dns_addr=$(dot_array _cl_rev_addr)'.'
_ls_cnt=${#list_server[@]}
echo ' Checking address '${1}
for (( _cl = 0 ; _cl < _ls_cnt ; _cl++ ))
do
_cl_lkup=${_cl_dns_addr}${list_server[${_cl}]}
if short_text ${_cl_lkup} _cl_reply
then
if [ ${#_cl_reply[@]} -gt 0 ]
then
echo ' Records from '${list_server[${_cl}]}
address_hits[${#address_hits[@]}]=${1}' '${list_server[${_cl}]}
_hs_RC=2
for (( _clr = 0 ; _clr < ${#_cl_reply[@]} ; _clr++ ))
do
echo ' '${_cl_reply[${_clr}]}
done
fi
fi
done
return 0
}
# # # The usual application glue # # #
# Who did it?
credits() {
echo
echo 'Advanced Bash Scripting Guide: is_spammer.bash, v2, 2004-msz'
}
# How to use it?
# (See also, "Quickstart" at end of script.)
usage() {
cat <<-'_usage_statement_'
The script is_spammer.bash requires either one or two arguments.
arg 1) May be one of:
a) A domain name
b) An IPv4 address
c) The name of a file with any mix of names
and addresses, one per line.
arg 2) May be one of:
a) A Blacklist server domain name
b) The name of a file with Blacklist server
domain names, one per line.
c) If not present, a default list of (free)
Blacklist servers is used.
d) If a filename of an empty, readable, file
is given,
Blacklist server lookup is disabled.
All script output is written to stdout.
Return codes: 0 -> All OK, 1 -> Script failure,
2 -> Something is Blacklisted.
Requires the external program 'dig' from the 'bind-9'
set of DNS programs. See: http://www.isc.org
The domain name lookup depth limit defaults to 2 levels.
Set the environment variable SPAMMER_LIMIT to change.
SPAMMER_LIMIT=0 means 'unlimited'
Limit may also be set on the command-line.
If arg#1 is an integer, the limit is set to that value
and then the above argument rules are applied.
Setting the environment variable 'SPAMMER_DATA' to a filename
will cause the script to write a GraphViz graphic file.
For the development version;
Setting the environment variable 'SPAMMER_TRACE' to a filename
will cause the execution engine to log a function call trace.
_usage_statement_
}
# The default list of Blacklist servers:
# Many choices, see: http://www.spews.org/lists.html
declare -a default_servers
# See: http://www.spamhaus.org (Conservative, well maintained)
default_servers[0]='sbl-xbl.spamhaus.org'
# See: http://ordb.org (Open mail relays)
default_servers[1]='relays.ordb.org'
# See: http://www.spamcop.net/ (You can report spammers here)
default_servers[2]='bl.spamcop.net'
# See: http://www.spews.org (An 'early detect' system)
default_servers[3]='l2.spews.dnsbl.sorbs.net'
# See: http://www.dnsbl.us.sorbs.net/using.shtml
default_servers[4]='dnsbl.sorbs.net'
# See: http://dsbl.org/usage (Various mail relay lists)
default_servers[5]='list.dsbl.org'
default_servers[6]='multihop.dsbl.org'
default_servers[7]='unconfirmed.dsbl.org'
# User input argument #1
setup_input() {
if [ -e ${1} ] && [ -r ${1} ] # Name of readable file
then
file_to_array ${1} uc_name
echo 'Using filename >'${1}'< as input.'
else
if is_address ${1} # IP address?
then
uc_address=( ${1} )
echo 'Starting with address >'${1}'<'
else # Must be a name.
uc_name=( ${1} )
echo 'Starting with domain name >'${1}'<'
fi
fi
return 0
}
# User input argument #2
setup_servers() {
if [ -e ${1} ] && [ -r ${1} ] # Name of a readable file
then
file_to_array ${1} list_server
echo 'Using filename >'${1}'< as blacklist server list.'
else
list_server=( ${1} )
echo 'Using blacklist server >'${1}'<'
fi
return 0
}
# User environment variable SPAMMER_TRACE
live_log_die() {
if [ ${SPAMMER_TRACE:=} ] # Wants trace log?
then
if [ ! -e ${SPAMMER_TRACE} ]
then
if ! touch ${SPAMMER_TRACE} 2>/dev/null
then
pend_func echo $(printf '%q\n' \
'Unable to create log file >'${SPAMMER_TRACE}'<')
pend_release
exit 1
fi
_log_file=${SPAMMER_TRACE}
_pend_hook_=trace_logger
_log_dump=dump_log
else
if [ ! -w ${SPAMMER_TRACE} ]
then
pend_func echo $(printf '%q\n' \
'Unable to write log file >'${SPAMMER_TRACE}'<')
pend_release
exit 1
fi
_log_file=${SPAMMER_TRACE}
echo '' > ${_log_file}
_pend_hook_=trace_logger
_log_dump=dump_log
fi
fi
return 0
}
# User environment variable SPAMMER_DATA
data_capture() {
if [ ${SPAMMER_DATA:=} ] # Wants a data dump?
then
if [ ! -e ${SPAMMER_DATA} ]
then
if ! touch ${SPAMMER_DATA} 2>/dev/null
then
pend_func echo $(printf '%q]n' \
'Unable to create data output file >'${SPAMMER_DATA}'<')
pend_release
exit 1
fi
_dot_file=${SPAMMER_DATA}
_dot_dump=dump_dot
else
if [ ! -w ${SPAMMER_DATA} ]
then
pend_func echo $(printf '%q\n' \
'Unable to write data output file >'${SPAMMER_DATA}'<')
pend_release
exit 1
fi
_dot_file=${SPAMMER_DATA}
_dot_dump=dump_dot
fi
fi
return 0
}
# Grope user specified arguments.
do_user_args() {
if [ $# -gt 0 ] && is_number $1
then
indirect=$1
shift
fi
case $# in # Did user treat us well?
1)
if ! setup_input $1 # Needs error checking.
then
pend_release
$_log_dump
exit 1
fi
list_server=( ${default_servers[@]} )
_list_cnt=${#list_server[@]}
echo 'Using default blacklist server list.'
echo 'Search depth limit: '${indirect}
;;
2)
if ! setup_input $1 # Needs error checking.
then
pend_release
$_log_dump
exit 1
fi
if ! setup_servers $2 # Needs error checking.
then
pend_release
$_log_dump
exit 1
fi
echo 'Search depth limit: '${indirect}
;;
*)
pend_func usage
pend_release
$_log_dump
exit 1
;;
esac
return 0
}
# A general purpose debug tool.
# list_array <array_name>
list_array() {
[ $# -eq 1 ] || return 1 # One argument required.
local -a _la_lines
set -f
local IFS=${NO_WSP}
eval _la_lines=\(\ \$\{$1\[@\]\}\ \)
echo
echo "Element count "${#_la_lines[@]}" array "${1}
local _ln_cnt=${#_la_lines[@]}
for (( _i = 0; _i < ${_ln_cnt}; _i++ ))
do
echo 'Element '$_i' >'${_la_lines[$_i]}'<'
done
set +f
return 0
}
# # # 'Hunt the Spammer' program code # # #
pend_init # Ready stack engine.
pend_func credits # Last thing to print.
# # # Deal with user # # #
live_log_die # Setup debug trace log.
data_capture # Setup data capture file.
echo
do_user_args $@
# # # Haven't exited yet - There is some hope # # #
# Discovery group - Execution engine is LIFO - pend
# in reverse order of execution.
_hs_RC=0 # Hunt the Spammer return code
pend_mark
pend_func report_pairs # Report name-address pairs.
# The two detail_* are mutually recursive functions.
# They also pend expand_* functions as required.
# These two (the last of ???) exit the recursion.
pend_func detail_each_address # Get all resources of addresses.
pend_func detail_each_name # Get all resources of names.
# The two expand_* are mutually recursive functions,
#+ which pend additional detail_* functions as required.
pend_func expand_input_address 1 # Expand input names by address.
pend_func expand_input_name 1 # #xpand input addresses by name.
# Start with a unique set of names and addresses.
pend_func unique_lines uc_address uc_address
pend_func unique_lines uc_name uc_name
# Separate mixed input of names and addresses.
pend_func split_input
pend_release
# # # Pairs reported -- Unique list of IP addresses found
echo
_ip_cnt=${#known_address[@]}
if [ ${#list_server[@]} -eq 0 ]
then
echo 'Blacklist server list empty, none checked.'
else
if [ ${_ip_cnt} -eq 0 ]
then
echo 'Known address list empty, none checked.'
else
_ip_cnt=${_ip_cnt}-1 # Start at top.
echo 'Checking Blacklist servers.'
for (( _ip = _ip_cnt ; _ip >= 0 ; _ip-- ))
do
pend_func check_lists $( printf '%q\n' ${known_address[$_ip]} )
done
fi
fi
pend_release
$_dot_dump # Graphics file dump
$_log_dump # Execution trace
echo
##############################
# Example output from script #
##############################
:<<-'_is_spammer_outputs_'
./is_spammer.bash 0 web4.alojamentos7.com
Starting with domain name >web4.alojamentos7.com<
Using default blacklist server list.
Search depth limit: 0
.:....::::...:::...:::.......::..::...:::.......::
Known network pairs.
66.98.208.97 web4.alojamentos7.com.
66.98.208.97 ns1.alojamentos7.com.
69.56.202.147 ns2.alojamentos.ws.
66.98.208.97 alojamentos7.com.
66.98.208.97 web.alojamentos7.com.
69.56.202.146 ns1.alojamentos.ws.
69.56.202.146 alojamentos.ws.
66.235.180.113 ns1.alojamentos.org.
66.235.181.192 ns2.alojamentos.org.
66.235.180.113 alojamentos.org.
66.235.180.113 web6.alojamentos.org.
216.234.234.30 ns1.theplanet.com.
12.96.160.115 ns2.theplanet.com.
216.185.111.52 mail1.theplanet.com.
69.56.141.4 spooling.theplanet.com.
216.185.111.40 theplanet.com.
216.185.111.40 www.theplanet.com.
216.185.111.52 mail.theplanet.com.
Checking Blacklist servers.
Checking address 66.98.208.97
Records from dnsbl.sorbs.net
"Spam Received See: http://www.dnsbl.sorbs.net/lookup.shtml?66.98.208.97"
Checking address 69.56.202.147
Checking address 69.56.202.146
Checking address 66.235.180.113
Checking address 66.235.181.192
Checking address 216.185.111.40
Checking address 216.234.234.30
Checking address 12.96.160.115
Checking address 216.185.111.52
Checking address 69.56.141.4
Advanced Bash Scripting Guide: is_spammer.bash, v2, 2004-msz
_is_spammer_outputs_
exit ${_hs_RC}
####################################################
# The script ignores everything from here on down #
#+ because of the 'exit' command, just above. #
####################################################
Quickstart
==========
Prerequisites
Bash version 2.05b or 3.00 (bash --version)
A version of Bash which supports arrays. Array
support is included by default Bash configurations.
'dig,' version 9.x.x (dig $HOSTNAME, see first line of output)
A version of dig which supports the +short options.
See: dig_wrappers.bash for details.
Optional Prerequisites
'named,' a local DNS caching program. Any flavor will do.
Do twice: dig $HOSTNAME
Check near bottom of output for: SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53
That means you have one running.
Optional Graphics Support
'date,' a standard *nix thing. (date -R)
dot Program to convert graphic description file to a
diagram. (dot -V)
A part of the Graph-Viz set of programs.
See: [http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz||GraphViz]
'dotty,' a visual editor for graphic description files.
Also a part of the Graph-Viz set of programs.
Quick Start
In the same directory as the is_spammer.bash script;
Do: ./is_spammer.bash
Usage Details
1. Blacklist server choices.
(a) To use default, built-in list: Do nothing.
(b) To use your own list:
i. Create a file with a single Blacklist server
domain name per line.
ii. Provide that filename as the last argument to
the script.
(c) To use a single Blacklist server: Last argument
to the script.
(d) To disable Blacklist lookups:
i. Create an empty file (touch spammer.nul)
Your choice of filename.
ii. Provide the filename of that empty file as the
last argument to the script.
2. Search depth limit.
(a) To use the default value of 2: Do nothing.
(b) To set a different limit:
A limit of 0 means: no limit.
i. export SPAMMER_LIMIT=1
or whatever limit you want.
ii. OR provide the desired limit as the first
argument to the script.
3. Optional execution trace log.
(a) To use the default setting of no log output: Do nothing.
(b) To write an execution trace log:
export SPAMMER_TRACE=spammer.log
or whatever filename you want.
4. Optional graphic description file.
(a) To use the default setting of no graphic file: Do nothing.
(b) To write a Graph-Viz graphic description file:
export SPAMMER_DATA=spammer.dot
or whatever filename you want.
5. Where to start the search.
(a) Starting with a single domain name:
i. Without a command-line search limit: First
argument to script.
ii. With a command-line search limit: Second
argument to script.
(b) Starting with a single IP address:
i. Without a command-line search limit: First
argument to script.
ii. With a command-line search limit: Second
argument to script.
(c) Starting with (mixed) multiple name(s) and/or address(es):
Create a file with one name or address per line.
Your choice of filename.
i. Without a command-line search limit: Filename as
first argument to script.
ii. With a command-line search limit: Filename as
second argument to script.
6. What to do with the display output.
(a) To view display output on screen: Do nothing.
(b) To save display output to a file: Redirect stdout to a filename.
(c) To discard display output: Redirect stdout to /dev/null.
7. Temporary end of decision making.
press RETURN
wait (optionally, watch the dots and colons).
8. Optionally check the return code.
(a) Return code 0: All OK
(b) Return code 1: Script setup failure
(c) Return code 2: Something was blacklisted.
9. Where is my graph (diagram)?
The script does not directly produce a graph (diagram).
It only produces a graphic description file. You can
process the graphic descriptor file that was output
with the 'dot' program.
Until you edit that descriptor file, to describe the
relationships you want shown, all that you will get is
a bunch of labeled name and address nodes.
All of the script's discovered relationships are within
a comment block in the graphic descriptor file, each
with a descriptive heading.
The editing required to draw a line between a pair of
nodes from the information in the descriptor file may
be done with a text editor.
Given these lines somewhere in the descriptor file:
# Known domain name nodes
N0000 [label="guardproof.info."] ;
N0002 [label="third.guardproof.info."] ;
# Known address nodes
A0000 [label="61.141.32.197"] ;
/*
# Known name->address edges
NA0000 third.guardproof.info. 61.141.32.197
# Known parent->child edges
PC0000 guardproof.info. third.guardproof.info.
*/
Turn that into the following lines by substituting node
identifiers into the relationships:
# Known domain name nodes
N0000 [label="guardproof.info."] ;
N0002 [label="third.guardproof.info."] ;
# Known address nodes
A0000 [label="61.141.32.197"] ;
# PC0000 guardproof.info. third.guardproof.info.
N0000->N0002 ;
# NA0000 third.guardproof.info. 61.141.32.197
N0002->A0000 ;
/*
# Known name->address edges
NA0000 third.guardproof.info. 61.141.32.197
# Known parent->child edges
PC0000 guardproof.info. third.guardproof.info.
*/
Process that with the 'dot' program, and you have your
first network diagram.
In addition to the conventionExample A-29. Spammer Hunt
#!/bin/bash
# whx.sh: "whois" spammer lookup
# Author: Walter Dnes
# Slight revisions (first section) by ABS Guide author.
# Used in ABS Guide with permission.
# Needs version 3.x or greater of Bash to run (because of =~ operator).
# Commented by script author and ABS Guide author.
E_BADARGS=85 # Missing command-line arg.
E_NOHOST=86 # Host not found.
E_TIMEOUT=87 # Host lookup timed out.
E_UNDEF=88 # Some other (undefined) error.
HOSTWAIT=10 # Specify up to 10 seconds for host query reply.
# The actual wait may be a bit longer.
OUTFILE=whois.txt # Output file.
PORT=4321
if [ -z "$1" ] # Check for (required) command-line arg.
then
echo "Usage: $0 domain name or IP address"
exit $E_BADARGS
fi
if [[ "$1" =~ [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z]$ ]] # Ends in two alpha chars?
then # It's a domain name &&
#+ must do host lookup.
IPADDR=$(host -W $HOSTWAIT $1 | awk '{print $4}')
# Doing host lookup
#+ to get IP address.
# Extract final field.
else
IPADDR="$1" # Command-line arg was IP address.
fi
echo; echo "IP Address is: "$IPADDR""; echo
if [ -e "$OUTFILE" ]
then
rm -f "$OUTFILE"
echo "Stale output file \"$OUTFILE\" removed."; echo
fi
# Sanity checks.
# (This section needs more work.)
# ===============================
if [ -z "$IPADDR" ]
# No response.
then
echo "Host not found!"
exit $E_NOHOST # Bail out.
fi
if [[ "$IPADDR" =~ ^[;;] ]]
# ;; Connection timed out; no servers could be reached.
then
echo "Host lookup timed out!"
exit $E_TIMEOUT # Bail out.
fi
if [[ "$IPADDR" =~ [(NXDOMAIN)]$ ]]
# Host xxxxxxxxx.xxx not found: 3(NXDOMAIN)
then
echo "Host not found!"
exit $E_NOHOST # Bail out.
fi
if [[ "$IPADDR" =~ [(SERVFAIL)]$ ]]
# Host xxxxxxxxx.xxx not found: 2(SERVFAIL)
then
echo "Host not found!"
exit $E_NOHOST # Bail out.
fi
# ======================== Main body of script ========================
AFRINICquery() {
# Define the function that queries AFRINIC. Echo a notification to the
#+ screen, and then run the actual query, redirecting output to $OUTFILE.
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.afrinic.net"
whois -h whois.afrinic.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE
# Check for presence of reference to an rwhois.
# Warn about non-functional rwhois.infosat.net server
#+ and attempt rwhois query.
if grep -e "^remarks: .*rwhois\.[^ ]\+" "$OUTFILE"
then
echo " " >> $OUTFILE
echo "***" >> $OUTFILE
echo "***" >> $OUTFILE
echo "Warning: rwhois.infosat.net was not working \
as of 2005/02/02" >> $OUTFILE
echo " when this script was written." >> $OUTFILE
echo "***" >> $OUTFILE
echo "***" >> $OUTFILE
echo " " >> $OUTFILE
RWHOIS=`grep "^remarks: .*rwhois\.[^ ]\+" "$OUTFILE" | tail -n 1 |\
sed "s/\(^.*\)\(rwhois\..*\)\(:4.*\)/\2/"`
whois -h ${RWHOIS}:${PORT} "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE
fi
}
APNICquery() {
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.apnic.net"
whois -h whois.apnic.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE
# Just about every country has its own internet registrar.
# I don't normally bother consulting them, because the regional registry
#+ usually supplies sufficient information.
# There are a few exceptions, where the regional registry simply
#+ refers to the national registry for direct data.
# These are Japan and South Korea in APNIC, and Brasil in LACNIC.
# The following if statement checks $OUTFILE (whois.txt) for the presence
#+ of "KR" (South Korea) or "JP" (Japan) in the country field.
# If either is found, the query is re-run against the appropriate
#+ national registry.
if grep -E "^country:[ ]+KR$" "$OUTFILE"
then
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.krnic.net"
whois -h whois.krnic.net "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE
elif grep -E "^country:[ ]+JP$" "$OUTFILE"
then
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.nic.ad.jp"
whois -h whois.nic.ad.jp "$IPADDR"/e >> $OUTFILE
fi
}
ARINquery() {
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.arin.net"
whois -h whois.arin.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE
# Several large internet providers listed by ARIN have their own
#+ internal whois service, referred to as "rwhois".
# A large block of IP addresses is listed with the provider
#+ under the ARIN registry.
# To get the IP addresses of 2nd-level ISPs or other large customers,
#+ one has to refer to the rwhois server on port 4321.
# I originally started with a bunch of "if" statements checking for
#+ the larger providers.
# This approach is unwieldy, and there's always another rwhois server
#+ that I didn't know about.
# A more elegant approach is to check $OUTFILE for a reference
#+ to a whois server, parse that server name out of the comment section,
#+ and re-run the query against the appropriate rwhois server.
# The parsing looks a bit ugly, with a long continued line inside
#+ backticks.
# But it only has to be done once, and will work as new servers are added.
#@ ABS Guide author comment: it isn't all that ugly, and is, in fact,
#@+ an instructive use of Regular Expressions.
if grep -E "^Comment: .*rwhois.[^ ]+" "$OUTFILE"
then
RWHOIS=`grep -e "^Comment:.*rwhois\.[^ ]\+" "$OUTFILE" | tail -n 1 |\
sed "s/^\(.*\)\(rwhois\.[^ ]\+\)\(.*$\)/\2/"`
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in ${RWHOIS}"
whois -h ${RWHOIS}:${PORT} "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE
fi
}
LACNICquery() {
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.lacnic.net"
whois -h whois.lacnic.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE
# The following if statement checks $OUTFILE (whois.txt) for
#+ the presence of "BR" (Brasil) in the country field.
# If it is found, the query is re-run against whois.registro.br.
if grep -E "^country:[ ]+BR$" "$OUTFILE"
then
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.registro.br"
whois -h whois.registro.br "$IPADDR" >> $OUTFILE
fi
}
RIPEquery() {
echo "Searching for $IPADDR in whois.ripe.net"
whois -h whois.ripe.net "$IPADDR" > $OUTFILE
}
# Initialize a few variables.
# * slash8 is the most significant octet
# * slash16 consists of the two most significant octets
# * octet2 is the second most significant octet
slash8=`echo $IPADDR | cut -d. -f 1`
if [ -z "$slash8" ] # Yet another sanity check.
then
echo "Undefined error!"
exit $E_UNDEF
fi
slash16=`echo $IPADDR | cut -d. -f 1-2`
# ^ Period specified as 'cut" delimiter.
if [ -z "$slash16" ]
then
echo "Undefined error!"
exit $E_UNDEF
fi
octet2=`echo $slash16 | cut -d. -f 2`
if [ -z "$octet2" ]
then
echo "Undefined error!"
exit $E_UNDEF
fi
# Check for various odds and ends of reserved space.
# There is no point in querying for those addresses.
if [ $slash8 == 0 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is '"This Network"' space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash8 == 10 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is RFC1918 space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash8 == 14 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is '"Public Data Network"' space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash8 == 127 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is loopback space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash16 == 169.254 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is link-local space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash8 == 172 ] && [ $octet2 -ge 16 ] && [ $octet2 -le 31 ];then
echo $IPADDR is RFC1918 space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash16 == 192.168 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is RFC1918 space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash8 -ge 224 ]; then
echo $IPADDR is either Multicast or reserved space\; Not querying
elif [ $slash8 -ge 200 ] && [ $slash8 -le 201 ]; then LACNICquery "$IPADDR"
elif [ $slash8 -ge 202 ] && [ $slash8 -le 203 ]; then APNICquery "$IPADDR"
elif [ $slash8 -ge 210 ] && [ $slash8 -le 211 ]; then APNICquery "$IPADDR"
elif [ $slash8 -ge 218 ] && [ $slash8 -le 223 ]; then APNICquery "$IPADDR"
# If we got this far without making a decision, query ARIN.
# If a reference is found in $OUTFILE to APNIC, AFRINIC, LACNIC, or RIPE,
#+ query the appropriate whois server.
else
ARINquery "$IPADDR"
if grep "whois.afrinic.net" "$OUTFILE"; then
AFRINICquery "$IPADDR"
elif grep -E "^OrgID:[ ]+RIPE$" "$OUTFILE"; then
RIPEquery "$IPADDR"
elif grep -E "^OrgID:[ ]+APNIC$" "$OUTFILE"; then
APNICquery "$IPADDR"
elif grep -E "^OrgID:[ ]+LACNIC$" "$OUTFILE"; then
LACNICquery "$IPADDR"
fi
fi
#@ ---------------------------------------------------------------
# Try also:
# wget http://logi.cc/nw/whois.php3?ACTION=doQuery&DOMAIN=$IPADDR
#@ ---------------------------------------------------------------
# We've now finished the querying.
# Echo a copy of the final result to the screen.
cat $OUTFILE
# Or "less $OUTFILE" . . .
exit 0
#@ ABS Guide author comments:
#@ Nothing fancy here, but still a very useful tool for hunting spammers.
#@ Sure, the script can be cleaned up some, and it's still a bit buggy,
#@+ (exercise for reader), but all the same, it's a nice piece of coding
#@+ by Walter Dnes.
#@ Thank you!
"Little Monster's" front end to wget.
Example A-32. Nightly backup to a firewire HD
#!/bin/bash
# nightly-backup.sh
# http://www.richardneill.org/source.php#nightly-backup-rsync
# Copyright (c) 2005 Richard Neill <backup@richardneill.org>.
# This is Free Software licensed under the GNU GPL.
# ==> Included in ABS Guide with script author's kind permission.
# ==> (Thanks!)
# This does a backup from the host computer to a locally connected
#+ firewire HDD using rsync and ssh.
# (Script should work with USB-connected device (see lines 40-43).
# It then rotates the backups.
# Run it via cron every night at 5am.
# This only backs up the home directory.
# If ownerships (other than the user's) should be preserved,
#+ then run the rsync process as root (and re-instate the -o).
# We save every day for 7 days, then every week for 4 weeks,
#+ then every month for 3 months.
# See: http://www.mikerubel.org/computers/rsync_snapshots/
#+ for more explanation of the theory.
# Save as: $HOME/bin/nightly-backup_firewire-hdd.sh
# Known bugs:
# ----------
# i) Ideally, we want to exclude ~/.tmp and the browser caches.
# ii) If the user is sitting at the computer at 5am,
#+ and files are modified while the rsync is occurring,
#+ then the BACKUP_JUSTINCASE branch gets triggered.
# To some extent, this is a
#+ feature, but it also causes a "disk-space leak".
##### BEGIN CONFIGURATION SECTION ############################################
LOCAL_USER=rjn # User whose home directory should be backed up.
MOUNT_POINT=/backup # Mountpoint of backup drive.
# NO trailing slash!
# This must be unique (eg using a udev symlink)
# MOUNT_POINT=/media/disk # For USB-connected device.
SOURCE_DIR=/home/$LOCAL_USER # NO trailing slash - it DOES matter to rsync.
BACKUP_DEST_DIR=$MOUNT_POINT/backup/`hostname -s`.${LOCAL_USER}.nightly_backup
DRY_RUN=false #If true, invoke rsync with -n, to do a dry run.
# Comment out or set to false for normal use.
VERBOSE=false # If true, make rsync verbose.
# Comment out or set to false otherwise.
COMPRESS=false # If true, compress.
# Good for internet, bad on LAN.
# Comment out or set to false otherwise.
### Exit Codes ###
E_VARS_NOT_SET=64
E_COMMANDLINE=65
E_MOUNT_FAIL=70
E_NOSOURCEDIR=71
E_UNMOUNTED=72
E_BACKUP=73
##### END CONFIGURATION SECTION ##############################################
# Check that all the important variables have been set:
if [ -z "$LOCAL_USER" ] ||
[ -z "$SOURCE_DIR" ] ||
[ -z "$MOUNT_POINT" ] ||
[ -z "$BACKUP_DEST_DIR" ]
then
echo 'One of the variables is not set! Edit the file: $0. BACKUP FAILED.'
exit $E_VARS_NOT_SET
fi
if [ "$#" != 0 ] # If command-line param(s) . . .
then # Here document(ation).
cat <<-ENDOFTEXT
Automatic Nightly backup run from cron.
Read the source for more details: $0
The backup directory is $BACKUP_DEST_DIR .
It will be created if necessary; initialisation is no longer required.
WARNING: Contents of $BACKUP_DEST_DIR are rotated.
Directories named 'backup.\$i' will eventually be DELETED.
We keep backups from every day for 7 days (1-8),
then every week for 4 weeks (9-12),
then every month for 3 months (13-15).
You may wish to add this to your crontab using 'crontab -e'
# Back up files: $SOURCE_DIR to $BACKUP_DEST_DIR
#+ every night at 3:15 am
15 03 * * * /home/$LOCAL_USER/bin/nightly-backup_firewire-hdd.sh
Don't forget to verify the backups are working,
especially if you don't read cron's mail!"
ENDOFTEXT
exit $E_COMMANDLINE
fi
# Parse the options.
# ==================
if [ "$DRY_RUN" == "true" ]; then
DRY_RUN="-n"
echo "WARNING:"
echo "THIS IS A 'DRY RUN'!"
echo "No data will actually be transferred!"
else
DRY_RUN=""
fi
if [ "$VERBOSE" == "true" ]; then
VERBOSE="-v"
else
VERBOSE=""
fi
if [ "$COMPRESS" == "true" ]; then
COMPRESS="-z"
else
COMPRESS=""
fi
# Every week (actually of 8 days) and every month,
#+ extra backups are preserved.
DAY_OF_MONTH=`date +%d` # Day of month (01..31).
if [ $DAY_OF_MONTH = 01 ]; then # First of month.
MONTHSTART=true
elif [ $DAY_OF_MONTH = 08 \
-o $DAY_OF_MONTH = 16 \
-o $DAY_OF_MONTH = 24 ]; then
# Day 8,16,24 (use 8, not 7 to better handle 31-day months)
WEEKSTART=true
fi
# Check that the HDD is mounted.
# At least, check that *something* is mounted here!
# We can use something unique to the device, rather than just guessing
#+ the scsi-id by having an appropriate udev rule in
#+ /etc/udev/rules.d/10-rules.local
#+ and by putting a relevant entry in /etc/fstab.
# Eg: this udev rule:
# BUS="scsi", KERNEL="sd*", SYSFS{vendor}="WDC WD16",
# SYSFS{model}="00JB-00GVA0 ", NAME="%k", SYMLINK="lacie_1394d%n"
if mount | grep $MOUNT_POINT >/dev/null; then
echo "Mount point $MOUNT_POINT is indeed mounted. OK"
else
echo -n "Attempting to mount $MOUNT_POINT..."
# If it isn't mounted, try to mount it.
sudo mount $MOUNT_POINT 2>/dev/null
if mount | grep $MOUNT_POINT >/dev/null; then
UNMOUNT_LATER=TRUE
echo "OK"
# Note: Ensure that this is also unmounted
#+ if we exit prematurely with failure.
else
echo "FAILED"
echo -e "Nothing is mounted at $MOUNT_POINT. BACKUP FAILED!"
exit $E_MOUNT_FAIL
fi
fi
# Check that source dir exists and is readable.
if [ ! -r $SOURCE_DIR ] ; then
echo "$SOURCE_DIR does not exist, or cannot be read. BACKUP FAILED."
exit $E_NOSOURCEDIR
fi
# Check that the backup directory structure is as it should be.
# If not, create it.
# Create the subdirectories.
# Note that backup.0 will be created as needed by rsync.
for ((i=1;i<=15;i++)); do
if [ ! -d $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i ]; then
if /bin/mkdir -p $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i ; then
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ No [ ] test brackets. Why?
echo "Warning: directory $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i is missing,"
echo "or was not initialised. (Re-)creating it."
else
echo "ERROR: directory $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.$i"
echo "is missing and could not be created."
if [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then
# Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary.
cd
sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT &&
echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."
fi
exit $E_UNMOUNTED
fi
fi
done
# Set the permission to 700 for security
#+ on an otherwise permissive multi-user system.
if ! /bin/chmod 700 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR ; then
echo "ERROR: Could not set permissions on $BACKUP_DEST_DIR to 700."
if [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then
# Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary.
cd ; sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT \
&& echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."
fi
exit $E_UNMOUNTED
fi
# Create the symlink: current -> backup.1 if required.
# A failure here is not critical.
cd $BACKUP_DEST_DIR
if [ ! -h current ] ; then
if ! /bin/ln -s backup.1 current ; then
echo "WARNING: could not create symlink current -> backup.1"
fi
fi
# Now, do the rsync.
echo "Now doing backup with rsync..."
echo "Source dir: $SOURCE_DIR"
echo -e "Backup destination dir: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR\n"
/usr/bin/rsync $DRY_RUN $VERBOSE -a -S --delete --modify-window=60 \
--link-dest=../backup.1 $SOURCE_DIR $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0/
# Only warn, rather than exit if the rsync failed,
#+ since it may only be a minor problem.
# E.g., if one file is not readable, rsync will fail.
# This shouldn't prevent the rotation.
# Not using, e.g., `date +%a` since these directories
#+ are just full of links and don't consume *that much* space.
if [ $? != 0 ]; then
BACKUP_JUSTINCASE=backup.`date +%F_%T`.justincase
echo "WARNING: the rsync process did not entirely succeed."
echo "Something might be wrong."
echo "Saving an extra copy at: $BACKUP_JUSTINCASE"
echo "WARNING: if this occurs regularly, a LOT of space will be consumed,"
echo "even though these are just hard-links!"
fi
# Save a readme in the backup parent directory.
# Save another one in the recent subdirectory.
echo "Backup of $SOURCE_DIR on `hostname` was last run on \
`date`" > $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/README.txt
echo "This backup of $SOURCE_DIR on `hostname` was created on \
`date`" > $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0/README.txt
# If we are not in a dry run, rotate the backups.
[ -z "$DRY_RUN" ] &&
# Check how full the backup disk is.
# Warn if 90%. if 98% or more, we'll probably fail, so give up.
# (Note: df can output to more than one line.)
# We test this here, rather than before
#+ so that rsync may possibly have a chance.
DISK_FULL_PERCENT=`/bin/df $BACKUP_DEST_DIR |
tr "\n" ' ' | awk '{print $12}' | grep -oE [0-9]+ `
echo "Disk space check on backup partition \
$MOUNT_POINT $DISK_FULL_PERCENT% full."
if [ $DISK_FULL_PERCENT -gt 90 ]; then
echo "Warning: Disk is greater than 90% full."
fi
if [ $DISK_FULL_PERCENT -gt 98 ]; then
echo "Error: Disk is full! Giving up."
if [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then
# Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary.
cd; sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT &&
echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."
fi
exit $E_UNMOUNTED
fi
# Create an extra backup.
# If this copy fails, give up.
if [ -n "$BACKUP_JUSTINCASE" ]; then
if ! /bin/cp -al $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0 \
$BACKUP_DEST_DIR/$BACKUP_JUSTINCASE
then
echo "ERROR: Failed to create extra copy \
$BACKUP_DEST_DIR/$BACKUP_JUSTINCASE"
if [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then
# Before we exit, unmount the mount point if necessary.
cd ;sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT &&
echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again. Giving up."
fi
exit $E_UNMOUNTED
fi
fi
# At start of month, rotate the oldest 8.
if [ "$MONTHSTART" == "true" ]; then
echo -e "\nStart of month. \
Removing oldest backup: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.15" &&
/bin/rm -rf $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.15 &&
echo "Rotating monthly,weekly backups: \
$BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[8-14] -> $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[9-15]" &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.14 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.15 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.13 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.14 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.13 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9
# At start of week, rotate the second-oldest 4.
elif [ "$WEEKSTART" == "true" ]; then
echo -e "\nStart of week. \
Removing oldest weekly backup: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12" &&
/bin/rm -rf $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12 &&
echo "Rotating weekly backups: \
$BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[8-11] -> $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[9-12]" &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.12 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.11 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.10 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.9
else
echo -e "\nRemoving oldest daily backup: $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8" &&
/bin/rm -rf $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8
fi &&
# Every day, rotate the newest 8.
echo "Rotating daily backups: \
$BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[1-7] -> $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.[2-8]" &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.7 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.8 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.6 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.7 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.5 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.6 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.4 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.5 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.3 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.4 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.2 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.3 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.1 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.2 &&
/bin/mv $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.0 $BACKUP_DEST_DIR/backup.1 &&
SUCCESS=true
if [ "$UNMOUNT_LATER" == "TRUE" ]; then
# Unmount the mount point if it wasn't mounted to begin with.
cd ; sudo umount $MOUNT_POINT && echo "Unmounted $MOUNT_POINT again."
fi
if [ "$SUCCESS" == "true" ]; then
echo 'SUCCESS!'
exit 0
fi
# Should have already exited if backup worked.
echo 'BACKUP FAILED! Is this just a dry run? Is the disk full?) '
exit $E_BACKUP
Example A-34. A soundcard setup script
#!/bin/bash
# soundcard-on.sh
# Script author: Mkarcher
# http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki ...
# /Script_for_configuring_the_CS4239_sound_chip_in_PnP_mode
# ABS Guide author made minor changes and added comments.
# Couldn't contact script author to ask for permission to use, but ...
#+ the script was released under the FDL,
#+ so its use here should be both legal and ethical.
# Sound-via-pnp-script for Thinkpad 600E
#+ and possibly other computers with onboard CS4239/CS4610
#+ that do not work with the PCI driver
#+ and are not recognized by the PnP code of snd-cs4236.
# Also for some 770-series Thinkpads, such as the 770x.
# Run as root user, of course.
#
# These are old and very obsolete laptop computers,
#+ but this particular script is very instructive,
#+ as it shows how to set up and hack device files.
# Search for sound card pnp device:
for dev in /sys/bus/pnp/devices/*
do
grep CSC0100 $dev/id > /dev/null && WSSDEV=$dev
grep CSC0110 $dev/id > /dev/null && CTLDEV=$dev
done
# On 770x:
# WSSDEV = /sys/bus/pnp/devices/00:07
# CTLDEV = /sys/bus/pnp/devices/00:06
# These are symbolic links to /sys/devices/pnp0/ ...
# Activate devices:
# Thinkpad boots with devices disabled unless "fast boot" is turned off
#+ (in BIOS).
echo activate > $WSSDEV/resources
echo activate > $CTLDEV/resources
# Parse resource settings.
{ read # Discard "state = active" (see below).
read bla port1
read bla port2
read bla port3
read bla irq
read bla dma1
read bla dma2
# The "bla's" are labels in the first field: "io," "state," etc.
# These are discarded.
# Hack: with PnPBIOS: ports are: port1: WSS, port2:
#+ OPL, port3: sb (unneeded)
# with ACPI-PnP:ports are: port1: OPL, port2: sb, port3: WSS
# (ACPI bios seems to be wrong here, the PnP-card-code in snd-cs4236.c
#+ uses the PnPBIOS port order)
# Detect port order using the fixed OPL port as reference.
if [ ${port2%%-*} = 0x388 ]
# ^^^^ Strip out everything following hyphen in port address.
# So, if port1 is 0x530-0x537
#+ we're left with 0x530 -- the start address of the port.
then
# PnPBIOS: usual order
port=${port1%%-*}
oplport=${port2%%-*}
else
# ACPI: mixed-up order
port=${port3%%-*}
oplport=${port1%%-*}
fi
} < $WSSDEV/resources
# To see what's going on here:
# ---------------------------
# cat /sys/devices/pnp0/00:07/resources
#
# state = active
# io 0x530-0x537
# io 0x388-0x38b
# io 0x220-0x233
# irq 5
# dma 1
# dma 0
# ^^^ "bla" labels in first field (discarded).
{ read # Discard first line, as above.
read bla port1
cport=${port1%%-*}
# ^^^^
# Just want _start_ address of port.
} < $CTLDEV/resources
# Load the module:
modprobe --ignore-install snd-cs4236 port=$port cport=$cport\
fm_port=$oplport irq=$irq dma1=$dma1 dma2=$dma2 isapnp=0 index=0
# See the modprobe manpage.
exit $?
Example A-36. Insertion sort
#!/bin/bash
# insertion-sort.bash: Insertion sort implementation in Bash
# Heavy use of Bash array features:
#+ (string) slicing, merging, etc
# URL: http://www.lugmen.org.ar/~jjo/jjotip/insertion-sort.bash.d
#+ /insertion-sort.bash.sh
#
# Author: JuanJo Ciarlante <jjo@irrigacion.gov.ar>
# Lightly reformatted by ABS Guide author.
# License: GPLv2
# Used in ABS Guide with author's permission (thanks!).
#
# Test with: ./insertion-sort.bash -t
# Or: bash insertion-sort.bash -t
# The following *doesn't* work:
# sh insertion-sort.bash -t
# Why not? Hint: which Bash-specific features are disabled
#+ when running a script by 'sh script.sh'?
#
: ${DEBUG:=0} # Debug, override with: DEBUG=1 ./scriptname . . .
# Parameter substitution -- set DEBUG to 0 if not previously set.
# Global array: "list"
typeset -a list
# Load whitespace-separated numbers from stdin.
if [ "$1" = "-t" ]; then
DEBUG=1
read -a list < <( od -Ad -w24 -t u2 /dev/urandom ) # Random list.
# ^ ^ process substition
else
read -a list
fi
numelem=${#list[*]}
# Shows the list, marking the element whose index is $1
#+ by surrounding it with the two chars passed as $2.
# Whole line prefixed with $3.
showlist()
{
echo "$3"${list[@]:0:$1} ${2:0:1}${list[$1]}${2:1:1} ${list[@]:$1+1};
}
# Loop _pivot_ -- from second element to end of list.
for(( i=1; i<numelem; i++ )) do
((DEBUG))&&showlist i "[]" " "
# From current _pivot_, back to first element.
for(( j=i; j; j-- )) do
# Search for the 1st elem. less than current "pivot" . . .
[[ "${list[j-1]}" -le "${list[i]}" ]] && break
done
(( i==j )) && continue ## No insertion was needed for this element.
# . . . Move list[i] (pivot) to the left of list[j]:
list=(${list[@]:0:j} ${list[i]} ${list[j]}\
# {0,j-1} {i} {j}
${list[@]:j+1:i-(j+1)} ${list[@]:i+1})
# {j+1,i-1} {i+1,last}
((DEBUG))&&showlist j "<>" "*"
done
echo
echo "------"
echo $'Result:\n'${list[@]}
exit $?
Example A-37. Standard Deviation
#!/bin/bash
# sd.sh: Standard Deviation
# The Standard Deviation indicates how consistent a set of data is.
# It shows to what extent the individual data points deviate from the
#+ arithmetic mean, i.e., how much they "bounce around" (or cluster).
# It is essentially the average deviation-distance of the
#+ data points from the mean.
# =========================================================== #
# To calculate the Standard Deviation:
#
# 1 Find the arithmetic mean (average) of all the data points.
# 2 Subtract each data point from the arithmetic mean,
# and square that difference.
# 3 Add all of the individual difference-squares in # 2.
# 4 Divide the sum in # 3 by the number of data points.
# This is known as the "variance."
# 5 The square root of # 4 gives the Standard Deviation.
# =========================================================== #
count=0 # Number of data points; global.
SC=9 # Scale to be used by bc. Nine decimal places.
E_DATAFILE=90 # Data file error.
# ----------------- Set data file ---------------------
if [ ! -z "$1" ] # Specify filename as cmd-line arg?
then
datafile="$1" # ASCII text file,
else #+ one (numerical) data point per line!
datafile=sample.dat
fi # See example data file, below.
if [ ! -e "$datafile" ]
then
echo "\""$datafile"\" does not exist!"
exit $E_DATAFILE
fi
# -----------------------------------------------------
arith_mean ()
{
local rt=0 # Running total.
local am=0 # Arithmetic mean.
local ct=0 # Number of data points.
while read value # Read one data point at a time.
do
rt=$(echo "scale=$SC; $rt + $value" | bc)
(( ct++ ))
done
am=$(echo "scale=$SC; $rt / $ct" | bc)
echo $am; return $ct # This function "returns" TWO values!
# Caution: This little trick will not work if $ct > 255!
# To handle a larger number of data points,
#+ simply comment out the "return $ct" above.
} <"$datafile" # Feed in data file.
sd ()
{
mean1=$1 # Arithmetic mean (passed to function).
n=$2 # How many data points.
sum2=0 # Sum of squared differences ("variance").
avg2=0 # Average of $sum2.
sdev=0 # Standard Deviation.
while read value # Read one line at a time.
do
diff=$(echo "scale=$SC; $mean1 - $value" | bc)
# Difference between arith. mean and data point.
dif2=$(echo "scale=$SC; $diff * $diff" | bc) # Squared.
sum2=$(echo "scale=$SC; $sum2 + $dif2" | bc) # Sum of squares.
done
avg2=$(echo "scale=$SC; $sum2 / $n" | bc) # Avg. of sum of squares.
sdev=$(echo "scale=$SC; sqrt($avg2)" | bc) # Square root =
echo $sdev # Standard Deviation.
} <"$datafile" # Rewinds data file.
# ======================================================= #
mean=$(arith_mean); count=$? # Two returns from function!
std_dev=$(sd $mean $count)
echo
echo "Number of data points in \""$datafile"\" = $count"
echo "Arithmetic mean (average) = $mean"
echo "Standard Deviation = $std_dev"
echo
# ======================================================= #
exit
# This script could stand some drastic streamlining,
#+ but not at the cost of reduced legibility, please.
# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ #
# A sample data file (sample1.dat):
# 18.35
# 19.0
# 18.88
# 18.91
# 18.64
# $ sh sd.sh sample1.dat
# Number of data points in "sample1.dat" = 5
# Arithmetic mean (average) = 18.756000000
# Standard Deviation = .235338054
# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ #
Example A-40. Petals Around the Rose
#!/bin/bash -i
# petals.sh
#########################################################################
# Petals Around the Rose #
# #
# Version 0.1 Created by Serghey Rodin #
# Version 0.2 Modded by ABS Guide Author #
# #
# License: GPL3 #
# Used in ABS Guide with permission. #
# ##################################################################### #
hits=0 # Correct guesses.
WIN=6 # Mastered the game.
ALMOST=5 # One short of mastery.
EXIT=exit # Give up early?
RANDOM=$$ # Seeds the random number generator from PID of script.
# Bones (ASCII graphics for dice)
bone1[1]="| |"
bone1[2]="| o |"
bone1[3]="| o |"
bone1[4]="| o o |"
bone1[5]="| o o |"
bone1[6]="| o o |"
bone2[1]="| o |"
bone2[2]="| |"
bone2[3]="| o |"
bone2[4]="| |"
bone2[5]="| o |"
bone2[6]="| o o |"
bone3[1]="| |"
bone3[2]="| o |"
bone3[3]="| o |"
bone3[4]="| o o |"
bone3[5]="| o o |"
bone3[6]="| o o |"
bone="+---------+"
# Functions
instructions () {
clear
echo -n "Do you need instructions? (y/n) "; read ans
if [ "$ans" = "y" -o "$ans" = "Y" ]; then
clear
echo -e '\E[34;47m' # Blue type.
# "cat document"
cat <<INSTRUCTIONSZZZ
The name of the game is Petals Around the Rose,
and that name is significant.
Five dice will roll and you must guess the "answer" for each roll.
It will be zero or an even number.
After your guess, you will be told the answer for the roll, but . . .
that's ALL the information you will get.
Six consecutive correct guesses admits you to the
Fellowship of the Rose.
INSTRUCTIONSZZZ
echo -e "\033[0m" # Turn off blue.
else clear
fi
}
fortune ()
{
RANGE=7
FLOOR=0
number=0
while [ "$number" -le $FLOOR ]
do
number=$RANDOM
let "number %= $RANGE" # 1 - 6.
done
return $number
}
throw () { # Calculate each individual die.
fortune; B1=$?
fortune; B2=$?
fortune; B3=$?
fortune; B4=$?
fortune; B5=$?
calc () { # Function embedded within a function!
case "$1" in
3 ) rose=2;;
5 ) rose=4;;
* ) rose=0;;
esac # Simplified algorithm.
# Doesn't really get to the heart of the matter.
return $rose
}
answer=0
calc "$B1"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))
calc "$B2"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))
calc "$B3"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))
calc "$B4"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))
calc "$B5"; answer=$(expr $answer + $(echo $?))
}
game ()
{ # Generate graphic display of dice throw.
throw
echo -e "\033[1m" # Bold.
echo -e "\n"
echo -e "$bone\t$bone\t$bone\t$bone\t$bone"
echo -e \
"${bone1[$B1]}\t${bone1[$B2]}\t${bone1[$B3]}\t${bone1[$B4]}\t${bone1[$B5]}"
echo -e \
"${bone2[$B1]}\t${bone2[$B2]}\t${bone2[$B3]}\t${bone2[$B4]}\t${bone2[$B5]}"
echo -e \
"${bone3[$B1]}\t${bone3[$B2]}\t${bone3[$B3]}\t${bone3[$B4]}\t${bone3[$B5]}"
echo -e "$bone\t$bone\t$bone\t$bone\t$bone"
echo -e "\n\n\t\t"
echo -e "\033[0m" # Turn off bold.
echo -n "There are how many petals around the rose? "
}
# ============================================================== #
instructions
while [ "$petal" != "$EXIT" ] # Main loop.
do
game
read petal
echo "$petal" | grep [0-9] >/dev/null # Filter response for digit.
# Otherwise just roll dice again.
if [ "$?" -eq 0 ] # If-loop #1.
then
if [ "$petal" == "$answer" ]; then # If-loop #2.
echo -e "\nCorrect. There are $petal petals around the rose.\n"
(( hits++ ))
if [ "$hits" -eq "$WIN" ]; then # If-loop #3.
echo -e '\E[31;47m' # Red type.
echo -e "\033[1m" # Bold.
echo "You have unraveled the mystery of the Rose Petals!"
echo "Welcome to the Fellowship of the Rose!!!"
echo "(You are herewith sworn to secrecy.)"; echo
echo -e "\033[0m" # Turn off red & bold.
break # Exit!
else echo "You have $hits correct so far."; echo
if [ "$hits" -eq "$ALMOST" ]; then
echo "Just one more gets you to the heart of the mystery!"; echo
fi
fi # Close if-loop #3.
else
echo -e "\nWrong. There are $answer petals around the rose.\n"
hits=0 # Reset number of correct guesses.
fi # Close if-loop #2.
echo -n "Hit ENTER for the next roll, or type \"exit\" to end. "
read
if [ "$REPLY" = "$EXIT" ]; then exit
fi
fi # Close if-loop #1.
clear
done # End of main (while) loop.
###
exit $?
# Resources:
# ---------
# 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petals_Around_the_Rose
# (Wikipedia entry.)
# 2) http://www.borrett.id.au/computing/petals-bg.htm
# (How Bill Gates coped with the Petals Around the Rose challenge.)
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